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【征集】西西河的经济学，及清流措施，需要主动参与者，『稷下学宫』新认证方式，24年网站打算和努力目标

主题：【原创】受人启发想把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下 -- 中国陈

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家园

【原创】受人启发想把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下

首先，俺的英语还有汉语都不好，本着互相学习的目的献丑了，希望大家多支持多批评指正。

还是一段一段来比较好，哪错了大家说一下。

内容来自

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet#Definitions_of_Tibet

其实就是上百科搜索tibet。

特别感谢牛腰兄的帮助！

Tibet is a plateau region in Central Asia and the home to the indigenous Tibetan people. With an average elevation of 4,900 metres (16,000 ft), it is the highest region on Earth and is commonly referred to as the "Roof of the World." Geographically, UNESCO and Encyclopædia Britannica[1] consider Tibet to be part of Central Asia, while several academic organizations controversially consider it part of South Asia.

西藏位于亚洲中部的一个高原，她是西藏人自古以来的家园。她有着4900米的平均海拔。她是世界上最高的区域因此常被称为世界屋脊。从地理学角度来说，西藏属于中亚的一部分。不过也有一些学术组织有争论地认为她是南亚的一部分

（第一段主要就是说他的地理位置，属于南亚还是中亚对于我来说没区别）

Many parts of the region were united in the seventh century by King Songtsän Gampo. In 1751, the Qing dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 to 1912, established the Dalai Lama as both the spiritual leader and political leader of Tibet who led a government (Kashag) with four Kalöns in it.[2] Between the 17th century and 1951, the Dalai Lama and his regents were the predominant political power administering religious and administrative authority[3] over large parts of Tibet from the traditional capital Lhasa.

这一区域的许多部分（指西藏）被松赞干布王（是king不是皇帝）统一。在1751年清政府确立了达赖喇嘛作为西藏的精神领袖同时也是政治领袖领导一个包括4个地区的政府。清朝从1644到1912年统治中国。从17世纪到1951年，达赖喇嘛和他的代表驻于西藏的传统首都拉萨，是一股在西藏大部分地区有着宗教和行政权力的政治势力

（还说什么中国侵略西藏，达赖喇嘛都是清政府指定的领导人）

Tibet proclaimed its independence from China in 1911 on the eve of the fall of the Qing dynasty and it's subsequent internal turmoil, while China never renounced its claim of sovereignty to Tibet.[citation needed] No country formally recognized Tibet as an independent country from 1912 to 1951. Tibet remained a defacto independent state until shortly after the conclusion of the Chinese civil war, when on October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was formally proclaimed in Beijing and the following year launched an armed invasion of Tibet.[4] The Chinese army of 40,000 men routed the unprepared defending Tibetan army of only 5,000 near the city of Chamdo. The defeat subsequently led to he signing of the Seventeen point agreement by the Tibetan Government. Currently every country in the world recognizes China's sovereignty over Tibet.

在1911年清朝被推翻中国陷入内乱的的前夕，这时西藏宣布从中国独立。然而中国从来没有放弃他对西藏的主权。也没有国家正式承认西藏是一个独立国家从1912到1951年。西藏只是作为一个独立的州（或者地区）存在直到中国内战的结束后不久。1949年10月1日，中华人民共和国在北京正式成立了，并在1950年派出一支军队就进入西藏。4万中国军队在昌都附近击败了没有准备的5000藏军。这一失败导致了西藏政府签署了17点协定（注意原文使用的是agreement 不是treaty）。目前世界上的每个国家都承认中国对西藏的主权。

（这里说得也比较明白，当年中国乱的时候西藏说独立，当我们统一了，当然派兵过去了，一看打不过赶紧又归顺中央了。牛腰兄觉得这里要说明的是当时中国的大半省份都宣布了独立自治，但它们的“独立”是相对于满清政府而言，并不是独立与中国）

多谢牛腰兄的指点

本帖一共被 1 帖引用 (帖内工具实现)

把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下 5

复【原创】受人启发想把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下

家园

【原创】把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下 2

多谢牛腰兄关于地名的翻译，我放在前面了

Arunachal Pradesh：阿鲁纳恰尔邦（印度叫法），中国称为藏南。

Ü-Tsang：卫藏

western Kham：西康

Amdo：安多

eastern Kham：东康（有这个名称吗？？）

Sikkim：锡金

Bhutan：不丹

Ladakh：拉达克（现属印度）

1.Definitions of Tibet

西藏的定义

When the People's Republic of China (PRC) refers to Tibet, it means the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR): a province-level entity which, according to the territorial claims of the PRC, includes Arunachal Pradesh. The TAR covers the Dalai Lama's former domain, consisting of Ü-Tsang and western Kham, while Amdo and eastern Kham are part of Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan, and Sichuan.[5]

当中华人民共和国提到西藏的时候，他指的是西藏自治区：一个省级的实体，通过中华人民共和国的领土主张，西藏自治区包括Arunachal Pradesh这个地方。西藏自治区包括达赖喇嘛的前期版图，也就是Ü-Tsang 和 western Kham组成，然而Amdo 和 eastern Kham则是青海甘肃云南和四川的一部分。

When the Government of Tibet in Exile and the Tibetan refugee community abroad refer to Tibet, they mean the areas consisting of the traditional provinces of Amdo, Kham, and Ü-Tsang, but excluding Sikkim, Bhutan, and Ladakh that have also formed part of the Tibetan cultural sphere.[5]

当西藏流亡政府和西藏在国外的难民提到西藏的时候，他们所指的西藏包括传统的几个省Amdo, Kham, 和Ü-Tsang。但是排除出了Sikkim, Bhutan, 和Ladakh这些地方，这些地方也是属于西藏文化圈。

（这些地方都是在印度附近，你自己上wiki的话可以点开地名有地图的，我还不会贴图，欢迎哪位热心人帮忙贴图）

The difference in definition is a major source of dispute. The distribution of Amdo and eastern Kham into surrounding provinces was initiated by the Yongzheng Emperor during the 18th century and has been continuously maintained by successive Chinese governments.

关于西藏定义的不同是一个主要的争论点。Amdo 和eastern Kham 并入其他周围几个省市有雍正皇帝在18世纪决定的。同时也被后来的中国政府所延续。

2.Name 名字

Tibetans call their homeland Bod (བོད་), pronounced [pʰøʔ] in Lhasa dialect. It is first attested in the geography of Ptolemy as βαται (batai)[6]. In Nepal, Tibet is known as Bhot.

西藏人管他们的故乡叫做Bod，在尼泊尔叫做Bhot.

In Chinese

Himalayas near Lhasa.

The PRC's Chinese name for Tibet, 西藏 (Xīzàng), is a phonetic transliteration derived from the region called Tsang (western Ü-Tsang). The Chinese name originated during the Qing Dynasty of China, ca. 1700. It can be broken down into xī 西 ("west"), and “zàng” 藏 (from Ü-Tsang, but also literally “Buddhist scripture,” “storage” or "treasure"[7]). The pre-1700s historic Chinese term for Tibet was "吐蕃". In modern Standard Mandarin, the first character is pronounced tǔ. The second character is normally pronounced fān; in the context of references to Tibet, most authorities say that it should be pronounced bō (making the word "Tubo"), while some authorities make no distinction between the general pronunciation and that in the Tibetan context, making the word "Tufan".[8] Its reconstructed Medieval Chinese pronunciation is /t'obwǝn/, which comes from the Turkic word for “heights” which is also the origin of the English term Tibet.[9][10] When expressing themselves in Chinese, many exiled Tibetans, including the Dalai Lama's government in Dharamsala, now use the term 吐博 Tǔbó. Although the second character is not historically accurate, it has the correct pronunciation (whereas ambiguity attends the pronunciation of 蕃), and thus 吐博 is deemed by some to be a more appropriate way to write Tibet in Chinese.

中华人民共和国管tibet叫西藏，她是从Tsang衍生过来的。西藏的叫法是从清朝1700开始的，同时也有文献叫“Buddhist scripture,” “storage” or "treasure"在1700年以前中国管西藏叫吐蕃。（下面的我就说大意了，主要讨论是吐蕃怎么发音有tufan 也有tubo)。流亡的达赖喇嘛发音吐博。

（这段是研究中国关于西藏名字的叫法）

The government of the People's Republic of China equates Tibet with the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). As such, the name Xīzàng is equated with the TAR. In order to refer to non-TAR Tibetan areas, or to all of cultural Tibet, the term 藏区 Zàngqū (literally, "ethnic Tibetan areas") is used. However, Chinese-language versions of pro-Tibetan independence websites, such as the Free Tibet Campaign, the Voice of Tibet, and Tibet Net use 西藏 (“Xīzàng”), not 藏区 ("Zàngqū"), to mean historic Tibet.

中华人民共和国政府认为西藏就是西藏自治区。如果你想说非西藏自治区或者所有藏文化区，你可以说藏区。然而西藏独立者们的网址他们用西藏而不是藏区，所指的是历史的西藏。

Some English-speakers reserve Xīzàng, the Chinese word transliterated into English, for the TAR, to keep the concept distinct from that of historic Tibet.[citation needed]

The character 藏 (zàng) has been used in transcriptions referring to Tsang as early as the Yuan Dynasty, if not earlier, though the modern term Xizang (western Tsang) was devised in the 18th century. The Chinese character 藏 (Zàng) has also been generalized to refer to all of Tibet, including other concepts related to Tibet such as the Tibetan language (藏文, Zàngwén) and the Tibetan people (藏族, Zàngzú).

According to Mahabharat, the Great Indian Epic, term Tibet is Trivishtham. In Sanskrit, Tri means three and Vishtham represents the Yogic powers of Lord Shiv. As per Hindu Mythology, Himalayas are abode of Lord Shiva, the region is acclaimed to be Trivishtham become Tribitham in colloqial Hindi and became Tibith in Pali Language which eventually turned as Tibet

这里我就说一下大意，主要就是说我们管他们的文字就藏文，管他们人叫藏族。

In English

The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European languages, is derived from the Arabic word Tubbat.[11] This word is derived via Persian from the Turkic word Töbäd (plural of Töbän), meaning "the heights".[9][10] In Medieval Chinese, 吐蕃 (pronounced tǔbō), is derived from the same Turkic word.[9] 吐蕃 was pronounced /t'o-bwǝn/ in Medieval times.

The exact derivation of the name is, however, unclear. Some scholars believe that the named derived from that of a people who lived in the region of northeastern Tibet and were referred to as Töbüt or Tübüt. This was the form adapted by the Muslim writers who rendered it Tübbett, Tibbat, etc., from as early as the 9th century, and it then entered European languages from the reports of the medieval European accounts of Piano-Carpini, Rubruck, Marco Polo and the Capuchin monk Francesco della Penna.[12]

PRC scholars favor the theory that "Tibet" is derived from tǔbō.[11][13]

讲的是西方怎么叫的。如有需要我翻译。

复【原创】受人启发想把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下

家园

把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下 3

3 Language 语言篇

The Tibetic languages are spoken throughout the Tibetan plateau, Bhutan, and parts of Nepal and northern India. Spoken Tibetan includes numerous regional dialects which, in many cases, are not mutually intelligible. Moreover, the boundaries between Tibetan and certain other Himalayan languages are sometimes unclear. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (Ü-Tsang, including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo, and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. The languages of some groups outside modern Tibet, such as Dzongkha (Bhutanese), Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are more distant varieties descended from archaic Tibetan, and which bear varying degrees of similarity to modern Tibetan. Using this broader grouping of Tibetan dialects and forms, the Tibetan language "family" is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exiles who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.

藏语主要在西藏高原，Bhutan，尼泊尔的部分地区和印度北部使用。藏语包括大量方言，在很多时候他们是互相不通（不只是不同，即说不同方言的人互相不能交流）。进而在藏语和Himalayan语言的边界有些时候还不是很清楚（我的理解就是藏语和Himalayan语有些相似的地方）总体来说西藏中部（即卫藏，包括拉萨）、西康、安多和邻近地方的方言属于藏语方言。其他的方言在现代西藏之外像Dzongkha (Bhutanese), Sikkimese, Sherpa, 和Ladakhi,是也是从古代藏语演化来的，变化较大。他们保留着同现代藏语不同程度的相似性。包括各种藏语方言在内，说藏语的人口大概有6百万。大概15万逃往的藏族人也讲藏语。他们在现代从西藏跑到印度或者其他国家。

The Tibetan language has its own script, which is part of the Brahmic family of scripts.

藏语有着他们自己的手写体文字，它是Brahmic语系的一部分。

4. History 历史篇

Pre-History 史前

Chinese and the "proto-Tibeto-Burman" language may have split sometime before 4000 BC, when the Chinese began growing millet in the Yellow River valley while the Tibeto-Burmans remained nomads. Tibetan split from Burman around 500 AD.[15][16]

中国人和古藏缅语族可能在公元前4000年的某个时候分离的。当时中国人开始在黄河流域种植小麦而藏缅人依然在游牧。西藏人大概在公元500年与缅甸人分离。

Prehistoric Iron Age hill forts and burial complexes have recently been found on the Chang Tang plateau but the remoteness of the location is hampering archaeological research. The initial identification of this culture is as the Zhang Zhung culture which is described in ancient Tibetan texts and is known as the original culture of the Bön religion.

史前铁器时代的城堡和墓地近来已经在Chang Tang高原但是他的位置太远了这阻碍了考古的研究。最初的确定这一文化作为张传文化，这被表述在古代的西藏文字中。这是已知最早的Bön宗教。

4.2 Tibetan Empire 西藏帝国

A series of kings ruled Tibet from the 7th to the 11th century. At times, Tibetan rule may have extended as far south as Bengal and as far north as Mongolia

在从7世纪到11世纪中一系列西藏国王统治着南到Bengal北到蒙古的地方。

Tibet appeared in an ancient Chinese historical text where it is referred to as fa. The first incident from recorded Tibetan history which is confirmed externally occurred when King Namri Lontsen sent an ambassador to the Chinese court in the early 7th century.[17]

在古代中国历史书籍把西藏当作法（我个人的理解是那个时候中国人对于西藏没什么了解，只是一个胡乱的称谓）。在7世纪早期Namri Lontsen 王派了一名大使到中国朝廷，这是第一个事件被记载到西藏历史中。

However general, the history of Tibet begins with the rule of Namri Songzen, who first attempts to unify Tibet. His son Songtsän Gampo (604–649 AD) united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and ruled Tibet as a kingdom. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong.

总体说来，西藏的历史开始于Namri Songzen王，它是第一个尝试统一西藏的人。他的儿子就是松赞干布（604-649年）统一了雅鲁藏布江流域并且是西藏成为了一个王国。在640年他和中国皇帝太宗（应该是唐太宗）的侄女文成公主成亲。

Tibetan forces conquered the Tuyuhun Kingdom of modern Qinghai and Gansu to the northeast between 663 and 672 AD. Tibet also dominated the Tarim Basin and adjoining regions (now called Xinjiang), including the city of Kashgar, from 670 to 692 AD, when they were defeated by Chinese forces, and then again from 766 to the 800s.

在663年到672年间，西藏武力征服Tuyuhun王国就是现在的青海和甘肃。在663-692及766-800年间，西藏还控制了塔里木盆地及附近区域（现在叫新疆），包括Kashgar城。两次对新疆的统治结束都是被中国军队打跑的。

The Tibetans were allied with the Arabs and eastern Turks. In 747, Tibet's hold over Central Asia was weakened by the campaign of general Gao Xianzhi, who re-opened the direct communications between Central Asia and Kashmir. By 750 the Tibetans had lost almost all of their central Asian possessions to the Chinese. However, after Gao Xianzhi's defeat by the Arabs and Qarluqs at the Battle of Talas river (751), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence resumed. Tibet conquered large sections of northern India and even briefly took control of the Chinese capital Chang'an in 763 during the chaos of the An Shi Rebellion.[18]

西藏人和阿拉伯人土耳其人结盟。在747年西藏控制的中亚被Gao Xianzhi战役所消弱。Gao Xianzhi从新打开了中亚和Kashmir（就是克什米尔吧）之间的交流。到750年西藏人失去了基本所有他们在中亚的领土给中国人。然而在Gao Xianzhi在Talas河战役（751）中被击败阿拉伯人和Qarluqs人后，中国的影响消退很快，西藏的影响得到恢复。西藏征服了印度北部的大片土地甚至还在763年的安史之乱中短暂地控制了中国首都长安。

There was a stone pillar, the Lhasa Shöl rdo-rings, in the ancient village of Shöl in front of the Potala in Lhasa, dating to c. 764 AD during the reign of Trisong Detsen. It also contains an account of the brief capture of Chang'an, the Chinese capital, in 763 AD, during the reign of Emperor Daizong.[19][20]

有一个石头柱子，叫the Lhasa Shöl rdo-rings在古代的村庄 Shöl，它位于Potala前面建立在Trisong Detsen统治期间764年，记述了在安史之乱中的763年曾经短暂地控制当时的中国首都长安。

In 821/822 AD Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty including details of the borders between the two countries are inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa.[21] Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century.

在821-822年西藏和中国签署了一份和平条约。这一用两种语言纪录的条约包括两国的边界被刻在一个石头柱子上面位于拉萨Jokhang寺外。西藏作为一个中亚王国持续到9世纪中期。

复【原创】受人启发想把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下

家园

等下文

复【原创】受人启发想把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下

家园

修改一下

Between the 17th century and 1951, the Dalai Lama and his regents were the predominant political power administering religious and administrative authority[3] over large parts of Tibet from the traditional capital Lhasa.

这句话最好翻成：“从17世纪到1951年，达赖喇嘛和他的代表驻于西藏的传统首都拉萨，是一股在西藏大部分地区有着宗教和行政权力的政治势力”这句话里没有达赖在西藏扩展势力的意思，我的理解是它说明了达赖的权力完全来自北京。

1911年，在清朝被推翻中国陷入内乱的的前夕，西藏宣布独立（我觉得这里要说明的是当时中国的大半省份都宣布了独立自治，但它们的“独立”是相对于满清政府而言，并不是独立与中国），但是中国从未放弃它对西藏的主权。在1912年到1951年之间也没有国家正式承认西藏是一个独立的国家。西藏保持着事实上的独立状态，直到中国内战结束后不久。中华人民共和国于1949年10月1日在北京正式成立，并在1950年派遣军队进入西藏。四万中国军队在昌都附近击溃了五千缺乏战斗力的藏军（昌都战役），西藏政府随后签署了17点协定。目前世界上的每个国家都承认中国对西藏的主权。

复修改一下

家园

先送花有时间再回来改

恭喜：你意外获得【西西河通宝】一枚

鲜花已经成功送出。

此次送花为【有效送花赞扬，涨乐善、声望】

复修改一下

家园

多谢指正

第一条说的对，我的翻译有问题。

这句

我觉得这里要说明的是当时中国的大半省份都宣布了独立自治，但它们的“独立”是相对于满清政府而言，并不是独立与中国