主题：【原创】受人启发想把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下 -- 中国陈

咱们接龙吧

The Mongols and Yuan Dynasty - 蒙古人和元朝

At the end of the 1230s, the Mongols turned their attention to Tibet. At that time, Mongol armies had already conquered Northern China, much of Central Asia, and were operating in Russia and what is now Ukraine. The Tibetan nobility, however, was fragmented and mainly occupied with internal strife. Göden, a brother of Güyük, entered the country with military force in 1240. A second invasion led to the submission of almost all Tibetan states. In 1244, Göden ordered the Sakya Pandita to meet him in Liangzhou, and in 1247 Sakya became the Mongolian representative in Tibet. Sakya was accompagnied by two of his nephews: Chana Dorje (Phyag-na Rdo-rje) would later marry a daughter of Kublai Khan, and Phagpa would become Kublai's spiritual teacher. Although there was another Mongol expedition into Tibet in 1251/52, generally speaking the Tibetan experience with the Mongols was much less traumatic than that of other peoples.

1230年代末，西藏开始经进入蒙古人的视野。那时蒙古军队已经征服了中国北部和中亚大部，铁蹄正践踏着俄罗斯和现在属于乌克兰的土地。西藏上层贵族那时则忙着内斗。1240年，贵由（牛腰：窝阔台的继承人）的幼弟阔端进攻西藏（牛腰：应该是阔端派遣了大将多尔达赤带兵进藏）。（蒙古人的）第二次出征征服了西藏的大部诸侯国。1244年，阔端命令萨迦班智达到凉州同他见面。1247年，萨迦班智达成为蒙古势力在西藏的代理人。有两个人陪伴着培萨迦班智达完成了他的凉州之行：日后迎娶了忽必烈女儿的恰纳多吉和日后被忽必烈封为“帝师”的八思巴。虽然蒙古在1951-52年间再次入侵西藏，藏人在蒙古人手下的遭遇远没有其他民族那么惨烈。

On the other hand, Tibetan lamas would gain considerable influence in different Mongol clans, not only with Kublai, but for example also with the Il-Khanids. Kublai's success in succeeding Möngke as Great Khan meant that after 1260, Phagpa and the House of Sakya would only wield greater influence. Phagpa became head of all Buddhist monks in the Yuan empire, and Sakya would become the administrative center of Tibet. The lamaist clergy would receive considerable financial support, at the cost of mainly the Chinese areas ruled by the Yuan Dynasty. Tibet would also enjoy a rather high degree of autonomy compared to other parts of the Yuan empire, though further expeditions took place in 1267, 1277, 1281 and 1290/91.

西藏喇嘛在蒙古诸国（包括窝阔台汗国和伊尔汗国）取得了可观的影响力。1260年，忽必烈成功地继承了蒙哥留下的汗位，使得八思巴和萨迦班智达一系的影响力变得更加深远。八思巴成为元帝国的佛教首领，萨迦班智达则获得统治西藏的权利（牛腰：西藏从这时起正式纳入中国版图，成为一个行政区域，比1498年哥伦布第一次到达美洲早了二百多年）元帝国将从汉人统治区搜刮来的大量财富授于众喇嘛。虽然蒙古曾在1267年，1277年，1281年和1290-91年间多次在西藏内进行了军事行动，和元帝国的其他统治区相比，西藏获得了高度的自治权力。

直到自己动手才知道翻译这么长篇的东西有多累，楼主翻了那么多真不容易。不过我越庖代俎，希望楼主不会介意。

Between the 17th century and 1951, the Dalai Lama and his regents were the predominant political power administering religious and administrative authority[3] over large parts of Tibet from the traditional capital Lhasa.

这句话最好翻成：“从17世纪到1951年，达赖喇嘛和他的代表驻于西藏的传统首都拉萨，是一股在西藏大部分地区有着宗教和行政权力的政治势力”这句话里没有达赖在西藏扩展势力的意思，我的理解是它说明了达赖的权力完全来自北京。

Tibet proclaimed its independence from China in 1911 on the eve of the fall of the Qing dynasty and it's subsequent internal turmoil, while China never renounced its claim of sovereignty to Tibet.[citation needed] No country formally recognized Tibet as an independent country from 1912 to 1951. Tibet remained a defacto independent state until shortly after the conclusion of the Chinese civil war, when on October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was formally proclaimed in Beijing and the following year launched an armed invasion of Tibet.[4] The Chinese army of 40,000 men routed the unprepared defending Tibetan army of only 5,000 near the city of Chamdo. The defeat subsequently led to he signing of the Seventeen point agreement by the Tibetan Government. Currently every country in the world recognizes China's sovereignty over Tibet.

1911年，在清朝被推翻中国陷入内乱的的前夕，西藏宣布独立（我觉得这里要说明的是当时中国的大半省份都宣布了独立自治，但它们的“独立”是相对于满清政府而言，并不是独立与中国），但是中国从未放弃它对西藏的主权。在1912年到1951年之间也没有国家正式承认西藏是一个独立的国家。西藏保持着事实上的独立状态，直到中国内战结束后不久。中华人民共和国于1949年10月1日在北京正式成立，并在1950年派遣军队进入西藏。四万中国军队在昌都附近击溃了五千缺乏战斗力的藏军（昌都战役），西藏政府随后签署了17点协定。目前世界上的每个国家都承认中国对西藏的主权。

3 Language 语言篇

The Tibetic languages are spoken throughout the Tibetan plateau, Bhutan, and parts of Nepal and northern India. Spoken Tibetan includes numerous regional dialects which, in many cases, are not mutually intelligible. Moreover, the boundaries between Tibetan and certain other Himalayan languages are sometimes unclear. In general, the dialects of central Tibet (Ü-Tsang, including Lhasa), Kham, Amdo, and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. The languages of some groups outside modern Tibet, such as Dzongkha (Bhutanese), Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi, are more distant varieties descended from archaic Tibetan, and which bear varying degrees of similarity to modern Tibetan. Using this broader grouping of Tibetan dialects and forms, the Tibetan language "family" is spoken by approximately 6 million people across the Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan is also spoken by approximately 150,000 exiles who have fled from modern-day Tibet to India and other countries.

藏语主要在西藏高原，Bhutan， 尼泊尔的部分地区和印度北部使用。藏语包括大量方言，在很多时候他们是互相不通（不只是不同，即说不同方言的人互相不能交流）。进而在藏语和Himalayan语言的边界有些时候还不是很清楚（我的理解就是藏语和Himalayan语有些相似的地方）总体来说西藏中部（即卫藏，包括拉萨）、西康、安多和邻近地方的方言属于藏语方言。其他的方言在现代西藏之外像Dzongkha (Bhutanese), Sikkimese, Sherpa, 和Ladakhi,是也是从古代藏语演化来的，变化较大。他们保留着同现代藏语不同程度的相似性。包括各种藏语方言在内，说藏语的人口大概有6百万。大概15万逃往的藏族人也讲藏语。他们在现代从西藏跑到印度或者其他国家。

The Tibetan language has its own script, which is part of the Brahmic family of scripts.

藏语有着他们自己的手写体文字，它是Brahmic语系的一部分。

4. History 历史篇

Pre-History 史前

Chinese and the "proto-Tibeto-Burman" language may have split sometime before 4000 BC, when the Chinese began growing millet in the Yellow River valley while the Tibeto-Burmans remained nomads. Tibetan split from Burman around 500 AD.[15][16]

中国人和古藏缅语族可能在公元前4000年的某个时候分离的。当时中国人开始在黄河流域种植小麦而藏缅人依然在游牧。西藏人大概在公元500年与缅甸人分离。

Prehistoric Iron Age hill forts and burial complexes have recently been found on the Chang Tang plateau but the remoteness of the location is hampering archaeological research. The initial identification of this culture is as the Zhang Zhung culture which is described in ancient Tibetan texts and is known as the original culture of the Bön religion.

史前铁器时代的城堡和墓地近来已经在Chang Tang高原但是他的位置太远了这阻碍了考古的研究。最初的确定这一文化作为张传文化，这被表述在古代的西藏文字中。这是已知最早的Bön宗教。

4.2 Tibetan Empire 西藏帝国

A series of kings ruled Tibet from the 7th to the 11th century. At times, Tibetan rule may have extended as far south as Bengal and as far north as Mongolia

在从7世纪到11世纪中一系列西藏国王统治着南到Bengal北到蒙古的地方。

Tibet appeared in an ancient Chinese historical text where it is referred to as fa. The first incident from recorded Tibetan history which is confirmed externally occurred when King Namri Lontsen sent an ambassador to the Chinese court in the early 7th century.[17]

在古代中国历史书籍把西藏当作法（我个人的理解是那个时候中国人对于西藏没什么了解，只是一个胡乱的称谓）。在7世纪早期Namri Lontsen 王派了一名大使到中国朝廷，这是第一个事件被记载到西藏历史中。

However general, the history of Tibet begins with the rule of Namri Songzen, who first attempts to unify Tibet. His son Songtsän Gampo (604–649 AD) united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and ruled Tibet as a kingdom. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong.

总体说来，西藏的历史开始于Namri Songzen王，它是第一个尝试统一西藏的人。他的儿子就是松赞干布（604-649年）统一了雅鲁藏布江流域并且是西藏成为了一个王国。在640年他和中国皇帝太宗（应该是唐太宗）的侄女文成公主成亲。

Tibetan forces conquered the Tuyuhun Kingdom of modern Qinghai and Gansu to the northeast between 663 and 672 AD. Tibet also dominated the Tarim Basin and adjoining regions (now called Xinjiang), including the city of Kashgar, from 670 to 692 AD, when they were defeated by Chinese forces, and then again from 766 to the 800s.

在663年到672年间，西藏武力征服Tuyuhun王国就是现在的青海和甘肃。在663-692及766-800年间，西藏还控制了塔里木盆地及附近区域（现在叫新疆），包括Kashgar城。两次对新疆的统治结束都是被中国军队打跑的。

The Tibetans were allied with the Arabs and eastern Turks. In 747, Tibet's hold over Central Asia was weakened by the campaign of general Gao Xianzhi, who re-opened the direct communications between Central Asia and Kashmir. By 750 the Tibetans had lost almost all of their central Asian possessions to the Chinese. However, after Gao Xianzhi's defeat by the Arabs and Qarluqs at the Battle of Talas river (751), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence resumed. Tibet conquered large sections of northern India and even briefly took control of the Chinese capital Chang'an in 763 during the chaos of the An Shi Rebellion.[18]

西藏人和阿拉伯人土耳其人结盟。在747年西藏控制的中亚被Gao Xianzhi战役所消弱。Gao Xianzhi从新打开了中亚和Kashmir（就是克什米尔吧）之间的交流。到750年西藏人失去了基本所有他们在中亚的领土给中国人。然而在Gao Xianzhi在Talas河战役（751）中被击败阿拉伯人和Qarluqs人后，中国的影响消退很快，西藏的影响得到恢复。西藏征服了印度北部的大片土地甚至还在763年的安史之乱中短暂地控制了中国首都长安。

There was a stone pillar, the Lhasa Shöl rdo-rings, in the ancient village of Shöl in front of the Potala in Lhasa, dating to c. 764 AD during the reign of Trisong Detsen. It also contains an account of the brief capture of Chang'an, the Chinese capital, in 763 AD, during the reign of Emperor Daizong.[19][20]

有一个石头柱子，叫the Lhasa Shöl rdo-rings在古代的村庄 Shöl，它位于Potala前面建立在Trisong Detsen统治期间764年，记述了在安史之乱中的763年曾经短暂地控制当时的中国首都长安。

In 821/822 AD Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty including details of the borders between the two countries are inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa.[21] Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century.

在821-822年 西藏和中国签署了一份和平条约。这一用两种语言纪录的条约包括两国的边界被刻在一个石头柱子上面位于拉萨Jokhang寺外。西藏作为一个中亚王国持续到9世纪中期。