主题：把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下 5 -- 中国陈

之前的部分在下面链接

http://www.cchere.net/thread/1517509#C1517509

特别感谢牛腰兄的帮忙（最好您再多翻译点我还能省事）。

牛腰翻译的第四部分

http://www.cchere.net/thread/1517509#C1519161

Late 14th - 16th Century (14世纪末到16世纪）

Between 1346 and 1354, already towards the end of the Yuan dynasty, the House of Pagmodru would topple the Sakya. The following 80 years were a period of relative stability. They also saw the birth of the Gelugpa school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa, and the founding of the Ganden, Drepung, and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. After the 1430s, the country entered another period of internal power struggles.[22]

在1346-1354年之间，元朝已经基本走向灭亡了，帕竹噶举派（the House of Pagmodru）推翻了萨迦统治（Sakya）。之后的80年内西藏是一个相对平静的时期。同一个时期内宗喀巴（法名罗桑札巴）的传人建立了格鲁派（俗称黄帽派）并且建立噶丹寺、哲蚌寺和色拉寺（Ganden, Drepung, and Sera ）在拉萨附近。1430年后西藏进入了新一轮的内部权力斗争。

（这段前两句翻译得不好，呼唤牛腰大侠来帮忙）

The Dalai Lama Lineage 达赖喇嘛的世系

In 1598, Altan Khan of the Tümed Mongols decided to invite Sönam Gyatso, a high lama of the Gelugpa school. They met in Khökh Nuur, and Altan Khan bestowed the title Dalai Lama[23] on Sönam Gyatso, and placed him in a reincarnation line with Gendun Drup and Gendun Gyatso.[24] While this did not really mark the beginning of a massive conversion of Mongols to Buddhism (this would only happen in the 1630s), it did lead to the widespread use of Buddhist ideology for the legitimation of power among the Mongol nobility. Lastly, the fourth Dalai Lama was a grandson of Altan Khan.[25

1598年 Tümed 蒙古的Altan Khan决定邀请Sönam Gyatso（他是一个高级喇嘛在Gelugpa school）。他们在Khökh Nuur相遇，Altan Khan授予了达赖喇嘛的头衔给Sönam Gyatso并且给了他一个转生的线Gendun Drup和Gendun Gyatso.然而这并不是真正的大量蒙古人阪移佛教的开始性标志（这仅仅发生在17世纪30年代），但它确实导致了蒙古贵族中普遍使用佛教教义来确定权力归属的做法。后来第四世达赖喇嘛是俺达汗（Altan Khan）的孙子。

（从这里看老外好像不明白佛教和藏传佛教史有区别的）

Khoshud, Dzungars, and the Qing Dynasty （和硕特，准噶尔Khoshud, Dzungars和清朝）

In the 1630s, Tibet would become entangled in the power struggles between the rising Manchu and various Mongol and Oirad factions. Ligden Khan of the Chakhar, on the retreat from the Manchu, set out to Tibet to destroy the Yellow Hat school. He died on the way in Koko Nur in 1634,[26] but his vassal Tsogt Taij would continue the fight, even having his own son Arslan killed for changing sides. Tsogt Taij was defeated and killed by Güshi Khan of the Khoshud in 1637, who would in turn become the overlord over Tibet, and act as a "Protector of the Yellow Church".[27] Güshi helped the Fifth Dalai Lama to establish himself as the highest spiritual and political authority in Tibet and destroyed any potential rivals, like the prince of Tsang. The time of the fifth Dalai Lama was, however, also a period of rich cultural development.

在1630年，上升期的满族与蒙古人还有卫拉特（Oirad）人在西藏爆发权力斗争。察哈尔（the Chakhar）的林丹可汗（Ligden Khan）被满族人击败而西迁，并于格鲁巴派为敌。1634年他死在路上在青海（Koko Nur）。但是他的部下喀尔喀却图台吉（Tsogt Taij）继续战斗，甚至杀死了自己叛变的儿子阿萨兰。在1637年却图台吉被和硕特首领固始汗击败而死。固始汗（Güshi Khan）后来成为西藏的领主扮演着黄寺的保护者。Güshi扶持第五世达赖喇嘛作为西藏最高的精神和政治统领并且消灭了所有的潜在对手，比如（噶举派的）藏巴汗。第五世达赖喇嘛时期也是一个文化繁荣时期。

His death was kept secret for 15 years by the regent (Tibetan: desi; Wylie: sde-srid), Sanggye Gyatso. His reasons for doing so are not really clear, but the Sixth Dalai Lama was only enthroned in 1697. The new Dalai Lama did not really live up to expectations: he would blackmail the Panchen Lama to let him return to the lay class, and afterwards grow long hair and spend the nights outside the palace, with women of his choice. He gained fame for writing love poetry.

第五世达赖的死被第司（藏语，摄政）的桑结嘉措（Sanggye Gyatso）隐瞒了15年之久。这一原因至今也不是很清楚。不过第六世达赖喇嘛被认定在1697年。新的达赖喇嘛的表现令人失望：他曾为了要还俗而威胁班禅喇嘛，后来他还留长了头发，并且在他的宫殿外面与他选中的女人过夜。他以写情诗而出名。

In 1705, Lobzang Khan of the Khoshud used the 6th Dalai Lama's escapades as excuse to take control of Tibet. The regent was murdered, and the Dalai Lama sent to Beijing. He died on the way, in Koko Nur, ostensibly from illness. Lobzang Khan appointed a new Dalai Lama, who however was not accepted by the Gelugpa school. A rival reincarnation was found in Koko Nur.

在1705年 固硕特部的拉藏汗以（the Khoshud的Lobzang Khan）利用第六世达赖喇嘛的胆大妄为作为借口控制西藏。摄政（牛腰：桑结嘉措）被处决同时达赖喇嘛被送往北京。第六世达赖死在路上青海，声称死于疾病。拉藏汗（Lobzang Khan）制定了一个新的达赖喇嘛但是这个喇嘛不被格鲁派所接受。另一个竞争的转世达赖在青海被发现。

The Dzungars invaded Tibet in 1717, deposed and killed a pretender to the position of Dalai Lama (who had been promoted by Lhabzang, the titular King of Tibet), which met with widespread approval. However, they soon began to loot the holy places of Lhasa which brought a swift response from Emperor Kangxi in 1718, but his military expedition was annihilated by the Dzungars not far from Lhasa.[29][30]

准噶尔部（The Dzungars）在1717年入侵了西藏，废除并杀死了非正统的达赖喇嘛（这个是被拉藏汗Lhabzang任命的，拉藏汗Lhabzang是西藏名义上的国王），这一行动得到了广泛的赞同。然而，他们很快就开始了对拉萨神圣的庙宇进行抢劫，这一行动招来了1718年康熙皇帝的反击，但是他的军事探险队确是被准噶尔部消灭在拉萨不远处。

一下翻译全部出自牛腰兄的回帖

Many Nyingmapa and Bonpos were executed and Tibetans visiting Dzungar officials were forced to stick their tongues out so the Dzungars could tell if the person recited constant mantras (which was said to make the tongue black or brown). This allowed them to pick the Nyingmapa and Bonpos, who recited many magic-mantras.[31] This habit of sticking one's tongue out as a mark of respect on greeting someone has remained a Tibetan custom until recent times.

许多宁玛派僧侣和苯波（牛腰：就是苯教）教徒被准噶尔部处死。当时有一个看法，认为一直读诵密咒的人舌头会变成黑色或褐色，所以准噶尔官员规定西藏人在他们面前必须吐出舌头接受检查，并用这个方法捉出了有诵密咒习惯的宁玛派僧侣和苯波教徒。一直到近代吐舌头都是西藏人在别人面前表示尊重的做法。

A second, larger, expedition sent by Emperor Kangxi expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720 and the troops were hailed as liberators. They brought Kelzang Gyatso with them from Kumbum to Lhasa and he was installed as the seventh Dalai Lama in 1721.[29]

1720年康熙大帝派出了第二支更庞大的远征军。这支军队被西藏人看作解放者。他们把格桑嘉措从青海的塔尔寺带到西藏，并在1721年指定他为第七世达赖（牛腰：有一种说法是清朝不承认被废黜的六世达赖，认为格桑嘉措才是真正的六世达赖。但是格鲁派坚持格桑嘉措是六世达赖转世，最后清朝只好默认格桑嘉措为七世达赖）。

The Qing put Amdo under their rule in 1724, and incorporated eastern Kham into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728.[32] The Qing government sent a resident commissioner (amban) to Lhasa. Tibetan factions rebelled in 1750 and killed the ambans. Then, a Qing army entered and defeated the rebels and installed an administration headed by the Dalai Lama. The number of soldiers in Tibet was kept at about 2,000. The defensive duties were partly helped out by a local force which was reorganized by the resident commissioner, and the Tibetan government continued to manage day-to-day affairs as before.

清朝于1724年控制安多，并于1728年把安多划分给与它相邻的几个中国省份。清朝政府还向拉萨派遣了驻藏大臣。1750年西藏发生叛乱，驻藏大臣被杀。清军随后进入西藏平定叛乱，并建立了以达赖喇嘛为首的西藏政府。驻藏军人数被维持在2000人左右，由土司组织的民团协助驻藏军承担当地的防务责任。西藏政府像往常一样对西藏进行日常管理。

While the ancient Sino-Tibetan relationships are complex, there can be no question regarding the subordination of Tibet to Manchu-ruled China following the chaotic era of the 6th and 7th Dalai Lamas.[33] Already in 1725 two high Chinese commissioners had been appointed to control the temporal affairs of the country.[34]In 1751, the Manchu (Qing) Emperor Qianlong established the Dalai Lama as both the spiritual leader and political leader of Tibet who lead a government (Kashag) with four Kalöns in it.[35]

古代中国和西藏的关系是复杂的，但是经过了六世和七世达赖的动荡时期后，西藏属于满清统治下的中国也是毫无疑问的。1725年清廷派遣了两位驻藏高官管理西藏。1751年乾隆皇帝敕封达赖喇嘛为西藏政教首领，达赖和他属下四名噶伦领导西藏政府。

In 1788, Gurkha forces sent by Bahadur Shah, the Regent of Nepal, invaded Tibet, occupying a number of frontier districts. The young Panchen Lama fled to Lhasa and the Manchu Qianlong Emperor sent troops to Lhasa, upon which the Nepalese withdrew agreeing to pay a large annual sum.

1788年，尼泊尔由廓尔喀人组成的沙阿王朝派兵侵略西藏，并占领了一部分边远地区。年少的班禅喇嘛逃往拉萨。乾隆皇帝也派兵进入西藏，迫使尼泊尔退兵并保证每年朝贡。