主题：看为草甘膦辩护，方舟子如何偷换盐水和饱和盐水的概念 -- 思想的行者

方舟子似乎觉得即便这样说赞美地还不过瘾，因此在2012年1月11日他参加北京电视台的一个节目所引发的的微博论战中，他甚至说：“说一种农药低毒无害是指施用剂量而言的，而不是指当饮食往嘴里灌。农达原粉的毒性比食盐还低，还有人喝它自杀，真是怪异。”

二它是低毒的，因为动物体内不合成这三种氨基酸（而是靠从饮食中摄入），不存在莽草酸代谢途径，所以低剂量草甘膦进入动物体内的话，不会对动物身体健康产生影响。

在正常使用情况下，草甘膦对人类健康不具有风险[文献1]，在最坏的假想情形中，通过食物摄入草甘膦的慢性风险也是极低的[文献2]。多项研究表明，长期接触低剂量草甘膦，未发现引起任何疾病[文献3、4、5]，

Abstract

Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most widely used across the world; they are commercialized in different formulations. Their residues are frequent pollutants in the environment. In addition, these herbicides are spread on most eaten transgenic plants, modified to tolerate high levels of these compounds in their cells. Up to 400 ppm of their residues are accepted in some feed. We exposed human liver HepG2 cells, a well-known model to study xenobiotic toxicity, to four different formulations and to glyphosate, which is usually tested alone in chronic in vivo regulatory studies. We measured cytotoxicity with three assays (Alamar Blue, MTT, ToxiLight), plus genotoxicity (comet assay), anti-estrogenic (on ERα, ERβ) and anti-androgenic effects (on AR) using gene reporter tests. We also checked androgen to estrogen conversion by aromatase activity and mRNA. All parameters were disrupted at sub-agricultural doses with all formulations within 24 h. These effects were more dependent on the formulation than on the glyphosate concentration. First, we observed a human cell endocrine disruption from 0.5 ppm on the androgen receptor in MDA-MB453-kb2 cells for the most active formulation (R400), then from 2 ppm the transcriptional activities on both estrogen receptors were also inhibited on HepG2. Aromatase transcription and activity were disrupted from 10 ppm. Cytotoxic effects started at 10 ppm with Alamar Blue assay (the most sensitive), and DNA damages at 5 ppm. A real cell impact of glyphosate-based herbicides residues in food, feed or in the environment has thus to be considered, and their classifications as carcinogens/mutagens/reprotoxics is discussed.

美国的检测表明，抗草甘膦转基因大豆中的草甘膦含量与非转基因大豆的相当，都低于联合国粮农组织设定的限量（干重20 mg/kg）[文献6]。根据中国国家质检总局及出入境检验检疫机构抽样检测监控数据分析，大多数批次进口转基因大豆未检出草甘膦，少部分虽有检出，但均低于6mg/kg[文献7]。由于草甘膦溶于水，不溶于油，不在油中浓缩，在大豆油中已找不到草甘膦残余（加工因子<0.01），联合国粮农组织因此甚至不对大豆油中的草甘膦做限量，也就是说排除了转基因大豆油存在草甘膦残留问题[文献6]。

转基因大豆的出笼和草甘膦限量的变化。

草甘膦是孟山都公司搞的毒性农药产品。开始的时候，该公司对其设定的残留限量（MRL）和日摄限量（ADI）两个数量几乎是“零容忍”或就是“零容忍”的，即：

农业作业限量：MRL= 0.01mg/kg.bw；

干大豆之限量：ADI=0mg/kg.bw；大豆油：ADI=0.086mg/kg.bw。

数据证据请见：

Evaluation of the impact of glyphosate residues in food on human health，

M-A Reding, Monsanto Brussels。

连接：http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ppps/pdf/ma_reding_annex4.pdf 。

美国农业部曾将甘草磷列入1960s-1980s年的毒性农药列单，与“橙剂”并列。

987年之后，即孟山都公司用该农药搞了转基因大豆之后，相关限量指标开始发生变化，譬如：

美国克奈尔大学（医学和农业方面的著名学府）文章数据：

Glyphosate, by Extension Toxicology Network,Publication，Date: 5/94。

Exposure Guidelines: ADI: 0.03 mg/kg(EPA), 0.3 mg/kg(WHO)，

连接：http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/glyphosate-ext.html 。

1994年，MON-40-3-2转基因大豆开始商业化之际，美国环保部门法规规定是“ADI: 0.03 mg/kg (EPA)”，世界卫生组织规定是“ADI: 0.3 mg/kg(WHO)”。食品中的草甘磷ADI数值不再是“零容忍”了。

1997年到2002年，即MON-40-3-2转基因大豆商业化和上市后，该ADI-数值逐步提高，并终于提高到ADI=1mg/kg.bw。然而，自1987年到2002年，大豆的MRL数值却一直是20mg/kg（至今，2011年，该数值还没变）。问题：限量MRL数值多年不变，而ADI限量数值凭什么翻滚一般而迅速地提高呢？难道，在这短暂的时间里，全球动物和人类都特别针对农药草甘磷而发生了进化突变？

the EPA and Monsanto are nothing but a revolving door. Dozens of individuals who work for and who have held high level positions at Monsanto have also held high level positions in the EPA, which is an agency (branch of the U.S. government) that sets regulations for the biotech giant (monsanto). For example, Linda J. Fisher, now working for DuPont, she is the former deputy administrator at the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances at the EPA, and the former Vice President of Government Affairs for the Monsanto Corporation. Another one is William Ruckelshaus. Mr Ruckelshaus served as the EPA administrator, the agencies top position. Mr Ruckelshaus also serves on the board of Monsanto. There are many more connections to be made (dozens), it’s no secret that the government, EPA as well as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) all hold connections amongst each other.

It allows oilseed crops to contain up to 40 ppm glyphosate, which is over 100,000 times the concentration needed to cause cancer.