主题：把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下 5 -- 中国陈

之前的部分在下面链接

http://www.cchere.net/thread/1517509#C1517509

特别感谢牛腰兄的帮忙（最好您再多翻译点我还能省事）。

牛腰翻译的第四部分

http://www.cchere.net/thread/1517509#C1519161

Late 14th - 16th Century (14世纪末到16世纪）

Between 1346 and 1354, already towards the end of the Yuan dynasty, the House of Pagmodru would topple the Sakya. The following 80 years were a period of relative stability. They also saw the birth of the Gelugpa school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa, and the founding of the Ganden, Drepung, and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. After the 1430s, the country entered another period of internal power struggles.[22]

在1346-1354年之间，元朝已经基本走向灭亡了，帕竹噶举派（the House of Pagmodru）推翻了萨迦统治（Sakya）。之后的80年内西藏是一个相对平静的时期。同一个时期内宗喀巴（法名罗桑札巴）的传人建立了格鲁派（俗称黄帽派）并且建立噶丹寺、哲蚌寺和色拉寺（Ganden, Drepung, and Sera ）在拉萨附近。1430年后西藏进入了新一轮的内部权力斗争。

（这段前两句翻译得不好，呼唤牛腰大侠来帮忙）

The Dalai Lama Lineage 达赖喇嘛的世系

In 1598, Altan Khan of the Tümed Mongols decided to invite Sönam Gyatso, a high lama of the Gelugpa school. They met in Khökh Nuur, and Altan Khan bestowed the title Dalai Lama[23] on Sönam Gyatso, and placed him in a reincarnation line with Gendun Drup and Gendun Gyatso.[24] While this did not really mark the beginning of a massive conversion of Mongols to Buddhism (this would only happen in the 1630s), it did lead to the widespread use of Buddhist ideology for the legitimation of power among the Mongol nobility. Lastly, the fourth Dalai Lama was a grandson of Altan Khan.[25

1598年 Tümed 蒙古的Altan Khan决定邀请Sönam Gyatso（他是一个高级喇嘛在Gelugpa school）。他们在Khökh Nuur相遇，Altan Khan授予了达赖喇嘛的头衔给Sönam Gyatso并且给了他一个转生的线Gendun Drup和Gendun Gyatso.然而这并不是真正的大量蒙古人阪移佛教的开始性标志（这仅仅发生在17世纪30年代），但它确实导致了蒙古贵族中普遍使用佛教教义来确定权力归属的做法。后来第四世达赖喇嘛是俺达汗（Altan Khan）的孙子。

（从这里看老外好像不明白佛教和藏传佛教史有区别的）

Khoshud, Dzungars, and the Qing Dynasty （和硕特，准噶尔Khoshud, Dzungars和清朝）

In the 1630s, Tibet would become entangled in the power struggles between the rising Manchu and various Mongol and Oirad factions. Ligden Khan of the Chakhar, on the retreat from the Manchu, set out to Tibet to destroy the Yellow Hat school. He died on the way in Koko Nur in 1634,[26] but his vassal Tsogt Taij would continue the fight, even having his own son Arslan killed for changing sides. Tsogt Taij was defeated and killed by Güshi Khan of the Khoshud in 1637, who would in turn become the overlord over Tibet, and act as a "Protector of the Yellow Church".[27] Güshi helped the Fifth Dalai Lama to establish himself as the highest spiritual and political authority in Tibet and destroyed any potential rivals, like the prince of Tsang. The time of the fifth Dalai Lama was, however, also a period of rich cultural development.

在1630年，上升期的满族与蒙古人还有卫拉特（Oirad）人在西藏爆发权力斗争。察哈尔（the Chakhar）的林丹可汗（Ligden Khan）被满族人击败而西迁，并于格鲁巴派为敌。1634年他死在路上在青海（Koko Nur）。但是他的部下喀尔喀却图台吉（Tsogt Taij）继续战斗，甚至杀死了自己叛变的儿子阿萨兰。在1637年却图台吉被和硕特首领固始汗击败而死。固始汗（Güshi Khan）后来成为西藏的领主扮演着黄寺的保护者。Güshi扶持第五世达赖喇嘛作为西藏最高的精神和政治统领并且消灭了所有的潜在对手，比如（噶举派的）藏巴汗。第五世达赖喇嘛时期也是一个文化繁荣时期。

His death was kept secret for 15 years by the regent (Tibetan: desi; Wylie: sde-srid), Sanggye Gyatso. His reasons for doing so are not really clear, but the Sixth Dalai Lama was only enthroned in 1697. The new Dalai Lama did not really live up to expectations: he would blackmail the Panchen Lama to let him return to the lay class, and afterwards grow long hair and spend the nights outside the palace, with women of his choice. He gained fame for writing love poetry.

第五世达赖的死被第司（藏语，摄政）的桑结嘉措（Sanggye Gyatso）隐瞒了15年之久。这一原因至今也不是很清楚。不过第六世达赖喇嘛被认定在1697年。新的达赖喇嘛的表现令人失望：他曾为了要还俗而威胁班禅喇嘛，后来他还留长了头发，并且在他的宫殿外面与他选中的女人过夜。他以写情诗而出名。

In 1705, Lobzang Khan of the Khoshud used the 6th Dalai Lama's escapades as excuse to take control of Tibet. The regent was murdered, and the Dalai Lama sent to Beijing. He died on the way, in Koko Nur, ostensibly from illness. Lobzang Khan appointed a new Dalai Lama, who however was not accepted by the Gelugpa school. A rival reincarnation was found in Koko Nur.

在1705年 固硕特部的拉藏汗以（the Khoshud的Lobzang Khan）利用第六世达赖喇嘛的胆大妄为作为借口控制西藏。摄政（牛腰：桑结嘉措）被处决同时达赖喇嘛被送往北京。第六世达赖死在路上青海，声称死于疾病。拉藏汗（Lobzang Khan）制定了一个新的达赖喇嘛但是这个喇嘛不被格鲁派所接受。另一个竞争的转世达赖在青海被发现。

The Dzungars invaded Tibet in 1717, deposed and killed a pretender to the position of Dalai Lama (who had been promoted by Lhabzang, the titular King of Tibet), which met with widespread approval. However, they soon began to loot the holy places of Lhasa which brought a swift response from Emperor Kangxi in 1718, but his military expedition was annihilated by the Dzungars not far from Lhasa.[29][30]

准噶尔部（The Dzungars）在1717年入侵了西藏，废除并杀死了非正统的达赖喇嘛（这个是被拉藏汗Lhabzang任命的，拉藏汗Lhabzang是西藏名义上的国王），这一行动得到了广泛的赞同。然而，他们很快就开始了对拉萨神圣的庙宇进行抢劫，这一行动招来了1718年康熙皇帝的反击，但是他的军事探险队确是被准噶尔部消灭在拉萨不远处。

一下翻译全部出自牛腰兄的回帖

Many Nyingmapa and Bonpos were executed and Tibetans visiting Dzungar officials were forced to stick their tongues out so the Dzungars could tell if the person recited constant mantras (which was said to make the tongue black or brown). This allowed them to pick the Nyingmapa and Bonpos, who recited many magic-mantras.[31] This habit of sticking one's tongue out as a mark of respect on greeting someone has remained a Tibetan custom until recent times.

许多宁玛派僧侣和苯波（牛腰：就是苯教）教徒被准噶尔部处死。当时有一个看法，认为一直读诵密咒的人舌头会变成黑色或褐色，所以准噶尔官员规定西藏人在他们面前必须吐出舌头接受检查，并用这个方法捉出了有诵密咒习惯的宁玛派僧侣和苯波教徒。一直到近代吐舌头都是西藏人在别人面前表示尊重的做法。

A second, larger, expedition sent by Emperor Kangxi expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720 and the troops were hailed as liberators. They brought Kelzang Gyatso with them from Kumbum to Lhasa and he was installed as the seventh Dalai Lama in 1721.[29]

1720年康熙大帝派出了第二支更庞大的远征军。这支军队被西藏人看作解放者。他们把格桑嘉措从青海的塔尔寺带到西藏，并在1721年指定他为第七世达赖（牛腰：有一种说法是清朝不承认被废黜的六世达赖，认为格桑嘉措才是真正的六世达赖。但是格鲁派坚持格桑嘉措是六世达赖转世，最后清朝只好默认格桑嘉措为七世达赖）。

The Qing put Amdo under their rule in 1724, and incorporated eastern Kham into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728.[32] The Qing government sent a resident commissioner (amban) to Lhasa. Tibetan factions rebelled in 1750 and killed the ambans. Then, a Qing army entered and defeated the rebels and installed an administration headed by the Dalai Lama. The number of soldiers in Tibet was kept at about 2,000. The defensive duties were partly helped out by a local force which was reorganized by the resident commissioner, and the Tibetan government continued to manage day-to-day affairs as before.

清朝于1724年控制安多，并于1728年把安多划分给与它相邻的几个中国省份。清朝政府还向拉萨派遣了驻藏大臣。1750年西藏发生叛乱，驻藏大臣被杀。清军随后进入西藏平定叛乱，并建立了以达赖喇嘛为首的西藏政府。驻藏军人数被维持在2000人左右，由土司组织的民团协助驻藏军承担当地的防务责任。西藏政府像往常一样对西藏进行日常管理。

While the ancient Sino-Tibetan relationships are complex, there can be no question regarding the subordination of Tibet to Manchu-ruled China following the chaotic era of the 6th and 7th Dalai Lamas.[33] Already in 1725 two high Chinese commissioners had been appointed to control the temporal affairs of the country.[34]In 1751, the Manchu (Qing) Emperor Qianlong established the Dalai Lama as both the spiritual leader and political leader of Tibet who lead a government (Kashag) with four Kalöns in it.[35]

古代中国和西藏的关系是复杂的，但是经过了六世和七世达赖的动荡时期后，西藏属于满清统治下的中国也是毫无疑问的。1725年清廷派遣了两位驻藏高官管理西藏。1751年乾隆皇帝敕封达赖喇嘛为西藏政教首领，达赖和他属下四名噶伦领导西藏政府。

In 1788, Gurkha forces sent by Bahadur Shah, the Regent of Nepal, invaded Tibet, occupying a number of frontier districts. The young Panchen Lama fled to Lhasa and the Manchu Qianlong Emperor sent troops to Lhasa, upon which the Nepalese withdrew agreeing to pay a large annual sum.

1788年，尼泊尔由廓尔喀人组成的沙阿王朝派兵侵略西藏，并占领了一部分边远地区。年少的班禅喇嘛逃往拉萨。乾隆皇帝也派兵进入西藏，迫使尼泊尔退兵并保证每年朝贡。

不懂的东西也敢翻，人才！

第一段您翻得没错：在元朝快要灭亡的1346~1354年间，帕竹噶举派推翻了萨迦统治。之后的80年内西藏局势相对稳定。在同一个时期内宗喀巴（法名罗桑札巴）的传人建立了格鲁派（俗称黄帽派），拉萨附近也建立了噶丹寺、哲蚌寺和色拉寺。15世纪30年代后西藏进入了新一轮的内部权力斗争。

再把几个名词翻译加入后面的段落（意思不一样的地方我加了下划线）：

1598年，蒙古土默特部的俺达汗邀请格鲁巴派的高僧索南嘉措在青海湖会晤。俺达汗授予索南嘉措“达赖喇嘛”的称号，并把他确认为继根敦朱巴和根敦嘉措之后的第三世转世达赖。虽然这不是蒙古人大规模皈依佛教的开始（这要到17世纪30年代才发生），但它确实导致了蒙古贵族中普遍使用佛教教义来确定权力归属的做法。后来第四世达赖喇嘛就是俺达汗的孙子。

和硕特，准噶尔和清朝

17世纪30年代，迅速强大的满族人、不同蒙古部落和卫拉特人在西藏爆发权力争夺。察哈尔的林丹可汗被满族人击败而西迁，并于格鲁巴派为敌。林丹可汗在1634年逝世于青海，他的下属喀尔喀却图台吉坚持战斗，甚至杀了试图叛变的儿子阿萨兰（牛腰：这个典故找不到佐证）。1637年，却图台吉被和硕特首领固始汗击败而死，而固始汗则变成了西藏的统治者和黄教的“执教法王”。固始汗扶持五世达赖为西藏的最高政教领袖，并击败了他的对手如（噶举派的）藏巴汗。第五世达赖喇嘛时期也是一个文化繁荣时期。

第五世达赖的死被第司（藏语，摄政）桑结嘉措隐瞒了15年之久，他的动机这至今还不是很清楚。第六世达赖在1697年被认定。六世达赖的表现令人失望：他曾为了要还俗而威胁班禅喇嘛，后来他还留长了头发，并且在他的宫殿外与女人过夜。他以写情诗而出名。

。。。

Altan也是常用的蒙古名字。

大家集思广益吗，共同努力，个人感觉还是翻译出来好，对大家就当个学习的过程。

其他人或多或少也能知道的更多。

并且个人认为老外更多的人愿意看wiki上面的东西而不愿意去图书馆查资料，如果wiki上面真有大错误的话，影响力可是超级大！！不比达赖喇嘛小。

国内西藏问题的专家不少，不过很多人不可能来看英文原版的东西，真要是有大的纰漏在wiki里面希望真有专家能注意到，然后使wiki改正过来，个人觉得还是挺有意义的。

当然我的水平绝对有限，错误肯定不少，也希望您斧正。

您要是有时间就继续，下面的就是6别让观众找不到了：）

翻译名词是最难的，很多名词网上找不到直接的中英对照，只好用能确定的词上google查，通过对照重大事件的描述来推出正确翻法。这样短短的两三句话要好几个小时才能翻完。

我用“俺答汗”是因为这个翻法在网上似乎更常见，如藏域活佛典藏书系，新华网：达赖喇嘛封号的由来，TOM文化：三世达赖。有些网站似乎被屏蔽了。

翻成“阿拉坦汗”的也有。我后来又找到这个链接：阿拉坦汗

阿拉坦汗是现代的标准翻法吗？

1705年，固硕特部的拉藏汗以六世达赖胆大妄为作为借口控制西藏，诱杀摄政（牛腰：桑结嘉措）并将六世达赖解送北京。六世达赖途经青海时去世，死因被称为是疾病。拉藏汗指定了一个新的达赖，但它未被格鲁派接受。另一个转世达赖在青海被发现。

准噶尔部在1717年入清西藏，废黜并杀死了由西藏名义上的统治者拉藏汗指定的非正统的达赖，这一行动得到了广泛的赞同。但是准噶尔部很快就开始对拉萨的庙宇进行抢劫，康熙大帝对这一行为在1718年做出了迅速反应，但是他的远征军在拉萨附近被准噶尔部消灭。

许多宁玛派僧侣和苯波（牛腰：就是苯教）教徒被准噶尔部处死。当时有一个看法，认为一直读诵密咒的人舌头会变成黑色或褐色，所以准噶尔官员规定西藏人在他们面前必须吐出舌头接受检查，并用这个方法捉出了有诵密咒习惯的宁玛派僧侣和苯波教徒。一直到近代吐舌头都是西藏人在别人面前表示尊重的做法。

1720年康熙大帝派出了第二支更庞大的远征军。这支军队被西藏人看作解放者。他们把格桑嘉措从青海的塔尔寺带到西藏，并在1721年指定他为第七世达赖（牛腰：有一种说法是清朝不承认被废黜的六世达赖，认为格桑嘉措才是真正的六世达赖。但是格鲁派坚持格桑嘉措是六世达赖转世，最后清朝只好默认格桑嘉措为七世达赖）。

清朝于1724年控制安多，并于1728年把安多划分给与它相邻的几个中国省份。清朝政府还向拉萨派遣了驻藏大臣。1750年西藏发生叛乱，驻藏大臣被杀。清军随后进入西藏平定叛乱，并建立了以达赖喇嘛为首的西藏政府。驻藏军人数被维持在2000人左右，由土司组织的民团协助驻藏军承担当地的防务责任。西藏政府像往常一样对西藏进行日常管理。

古代中国和西藏的关系是复杂的，但是经过了六世和七世达赖的动荡时期后，西藏属于满清统治下的中国也是毫无疑问的。1725年清廷派遣了两位驻藏高官管理西藏。1751年乾隆皇帝敕封达赖喇嘛为西藏政教首领，达赖和他属下四名噶伦领导西藏政府。

1788年，尼泊尔由廓尔喀人组成的沙阿王朝派兵侵略西藏，并占领了一部分边远地区。年少的班禅喇嘛逃往拉萨。乾隆皇帝也派兵进入西藏，迫使尼泊尔退兵并保证每年朝贡。

1791年，尼泊尔廓尔喀人第二次入侵西藏，占领了后藏地区，抢劫了扎什伦布寺并把它改作俗用。班禅喇嘛再次逃往拉萨。乾隆皇帝这次派遣了十七万人的军队进入西藏。1793年，在西藏当地军队的帮助下清军击退了尼泊尔军队，并推进到离加德满都只有30公里的地方。廓尔喀人被迫承认失败并退还了抢去的财物。不久之后满清皇帝将达赖、班禅和其他高级喇嘛置于驻在拉萨的满清驻藏大臣的领导之下。另一道敕令规定以后达赖喇嘛的继承人必须用“金瓶掣签”的方法来认定。

现在才知道这又多不容易。慢慢来吧

In 1791 the Nepalese Gurkhas invaded Tibet a second time, seizing Shigatse and destroyed, plundered, and desecrated the great Tashilhunpo Monastery. The Panchen Lama was forced to flee to Lhasa once again. The Qianlong Emperor then sent an army of 17,000 men to Tibet. In 1793, with the assistance of Tibetan troops, they managed to drive the Nepalese troops to within about 30 km of Kathmandu before the Gurkhas conceded defeat and returned all the treasure they had plundered.[36] Soon the Chinese emperor decreed that the selection of the Dalai Lama and other high lamas such as the Panchen Lama was under the supervision of Qing government's Amban Commissioners in Lhasa. An imperial edict ordered that future dalai lamas were to be chosen from the names of children drawn from a "golden urn".[33][34]

1791年，尼泊尔廓尔喀人第二次入侵西藏，占领了后藏地区，抢劫了扎什伦布寺并把它改作俗用。班禅喇嘛再次逃往拉萨。乾隆皇帝这次派遣了十七万人的军队进入西藏。1793年，在西藏当地军队的帮助下清军击退了尼泊尔军队，并推进到离加德满都只有30公里的地方。廓尔喀人被迫承认失败并退还了抢去的财物。不久之后满清皇帝将达赖、班禅和其他高级喇嘛置于驻在拉萨的满清驻藏大臣的领导之下。另一道敕令规定以后达赖喇嘛的继承人必须用“金瓶掣签”的方法来认定。

4.7 European contact 欧洲的接触

Main article: British expedition to Tibet 英国对西藏的探险

The first Europeans to arrive in Tibet were Portuguese missionaries in 1624 by the hand of António de Andrade, and were welcomed by the Tibetans who allowed them to build a church. The 18th century brought more Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe who gradually met opposition from Tibetan lamas who finally expelled them from Tibet in 1745. However, at the time not all Europeans were banned from the country — in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate trade for the British East India Company, introducing the first potatoes into Tibet.[37]

第一批到达西藏的欧洲人是葡萄牙传教士，他们于1624年到达西藏并且受到西藏人民的热烈欢迎还同意他们建立了一个教堂。18世纪更多的耶稣会和嘉布遣会（Jesuits和Capuchins）从欧洲来到了西藏，逐渐地教会的人员和西藏的喇嘛产生了对立，最终在1745年喇嘛们把教会人员驱逐出了西藏。然而并不是所有欧洲人都被从西藏驱逐出去，在1774年一个苏格兰贵族乔治进入了日喀则（Shigatse），他是为英国东印度公司做市场调查的，他第一次把土豆传入西藏。

However by the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more ominous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas and Afghanistan and the Russian Empire of the tsars was expanding south into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of intent in Tibet. In 1840, Sándor Kőrösi Csoma arrived in Tibet, hoping that he would be able to trace the origin of the Magyar ethnic group. By the 1850s Tibet had banned all foreigners from Tibet and shut its borders to all outsiders.

然而到了19世纪外国人在西藏的存在变得越来越有威胁性。英国皇帝正从北印度逐步蚕食进入喜马拉雅山和阿富汗斯坦（中国陈注其实就是阿富汗他们现在也把阿富汗叫做阿富汗斯坦），同时俄国沙皇也向南进入到中亚地区。他们都有入侵西藏的野心。在1840年匈牙利东亚学家、探险家（Sándor Kőrösi Csoma） 来到了西藏，他希望它能发现匈牙利人的起源。到19世纪50年代西藏禁止所有外国人进入西藏并且关闭了它所有的边界。

In 1865 Great Britain began secretly mapping Tibet. Trained Indian surveyor-spies disguised as pilgrims or traders counted their strides on their travels across Tibet and took readings at night. Nain Singh, the most famous, measured the longitude and latitude and altitude of Lhasa and traced the Yarlung Tsangpo River.

1865年 大英帝国开始秘密的绘制西藏的地图。受过训练的印度测量员兼间谍假扮朝圣者或者商人进入西藏在夜间绘制地图。Nain Singh是其中最著名的间谍，他测量了拉萨的经纬度及高度并且还测绘了雅鲁藏布江。

British Invasion 4.7.2英国的入侵

At the beginning of the twentieth century both the British Empire and Russian Empire competed for supremacy in Central Asia. Tibet was the biggest prize of this rivalry. To forestall the Russians, in 1904, a British expedition led by Colonel Francis Younghusband was sent to Lhasa to force a trading agreement and to prevent Tibetans from establishing a relationship with the Russians.

在20世纪初英国和俄国的沙皇都想获得中亚地区的最高统治权。西藏就成为这一竞争中的最大一个目标。为了抢在俄国人之前得到西藏，在1904年一直英国远征军在陆军上校佛朗西斯（这个人的姓Younghusband超级搞笑 意思就是年轻的丈夫）的带领下被派往拉萨强迫西藏人签订贸易协定并且阻止西藏人同俄国人建交。

On July 19, 1903, Younghusband arrived at Gangtok, the capital city of the Indian state of Sikkim, to prepare for his mission. A letter from the under-secretary to the government of India to Younghusband on July 26, 1903 stated that “In the event of your meeting the Dalai Lama, the government of India authorizes you to give him the assurance which you suggest in your letter.” [38] The British took a few months to prepare for the expedition which pressed into Tibetan territories in early December 1903. The entire British force numbered over 3,000 fighting men and was accompanied by 7,000 sherpas, porters and camp followers.

1903年7月19日 年轻丈夫上校到达了甘托克（Gangtok）来准备出征，甘托克是印度锡金（Sikkim）州的首府。1903年7月26日印度政府的一个副部长给Younghusband的一封信中说“在你同达赖喇嘛的会谈中，印度政府授权你可以迫使达赖喇嘛对你在以前的信件中所提到的事情做出保证（中国陈注 所提到的事情应该就是西藏人签订贸易协定并且阻止西藏人同俄国人建交）英国人花了几个月的时间来准备入侵西藏，最终他们于1903年12月入侵西藏。总数超过3千人的英国士兵与七千人的夏尔巴人(西藏的一个种族)和民工。（夏尔巴人来至金山词霸2007）

The Tibetans were aware of the expedition. To avoid bloodshed the Tibetan general at Yetung pledged that if the Tibetans make no attack upon the British, no attack should be made by the British on them. Colonel Younghusband on December 6, 1903 replied that “we are not at war with Tibet and that, unless we are ourselves attacked, we shall not attack the Tibetans.” [39]

西藏人对这支远征军保持很高警惕。为了避免流血冲突西藏将军在Yetung问询英国人如果西藏人部队英国人发动进攻，英国人也不应该进攻西藏人。年轻丈夫上校在1903年12月6日的回复中说我们不是来同西藏进行战争的，除非我们首先受到了攻击，我们将不会攻击西藏人。

Despite the mutual agreement, the British expedition did take the lives of a few thousand unprepared Tibetan soldiers and civilians. The biggest massacre took place on March 31, 1904 at a mountain pass halfway to Gyantse near a village called Guru. Colonel Younghusband tricked the 2,000 Tibetan soldiers guarding the pass into extinguishing the burning ropes of their basic rifles before firing at them with the Maxim machine guns and rifles. The Tibetan casualty, according to Younghusband’s account, was “500 killed and wounded.” [40] Others have claimed that the Tibetan casualty was as high as 1,300.

尽管有着这样的君子协定，英国远征军依然杀害了数千没有准备的西藏士兵和平民。最大一次的屠杀发生在1904年3月31日在古鲁（Guru）的村子附近。年轻丈夫上校欺骗2千西藏士兵熄灭了他们老式来复枪的火绳（我个人认为西藏士兵当时的来复枪点火需要火绳，如果熄灭了火绳就意味着相当长的一段时间内无法开火）然后英军用马克芯机枪还有来复枪对西藏士兵进行屠杀。源至年轻丈夫上校的日志，有500西藏士兵伤亡。其他人宣称西藏人的伤亡能有1300人之多。

According to the British, their intention was to disarm Tibetan soldiers who were being surrounded. The slaughter was triggered by the Tibetans who fired the first shot. [41] But the accounts of those who pulled the triggers make it clear that the British had the intention of killing as many as possible. “From three sides at once a withering volley of magazine fire crashed into the crowded mass of Tibetans,” wrote Perceval Landon. “Under the appalling punishment of lead, they [the Tibetans] staggered, failed and ran…Men dropped at every yard.” [42]

英国人的说法是，他们试图解除被包围西藏士兵的武装。大屠杀的起因是西藏人开了第一枪。但是开枪人事后的陈述清晰地证明英国人的目的是显然是尽可能地杀死更多的西藏人，“从三面一起对拥挤的大量西藏人进行了一个弹夹的齐射”。这是被Perceval Landon所记录的，“在骇人的枪林弹雨下，西藏人跌跌撞撞地试图逃跑...每一码的距离都有人倒下。

Jesuits：耶稣会

Capuchins：嘉布遣会

Shigatse：日喀则

Sándor Kőrösi Csoma：匈牙利东亚学家、探险家

Sikkim：锡金

Gangtok：甘托克（锡金首都）

Gyantse：江孜

Guru：古鲁

Maxim machine guns：马克芯机枪

第三段：However by the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more ominous.

然而到了19世纪外国人在西藏的存在变得越来越有威胁性。

第六段：A letter from the under-secretary to the government of India to Younghusband on July 26, 1903 。。。

1903年7月26日印度政府的一个副部长给Younghusband的一封信。。。（under-secretary=副部长）

第七段：“除非我们首先受到了攻击，我们将不会供给西藏人”--“供给”似乎应该是“攻击”

第九段：But the accounts of those who pulled the triggers make it clear that the British had the intention of killing as many as possible.

开枪人事后的陈述清晰地证明英国人的目的是尽可能地杀死更多的西藏人。

Under the appalling punishment of lead, they [the Tibetans] staggered, failed and ran…Men dropped at every yard.

在骇人的枪林弹雨下，西藏人跌跌撞撞地试图逃跑。。。每一码的距离都有人倒下。

Lead在这里应该是铅的意思，指用铅作的子弹。

我当时是觉得17万人太多了点