主题：把wiki 上面关于西藏的部分给大家翻译一下 5 -- 中国陈

In 1791 the Nepalese Gurkhas invaded Tibet a second time, seizing Shigatse and destroyed, plundered, and desecrated the great Tashilhunpo Monastery. The Panchen Lama was forced to flee to Lhasa once again. The Qianlong Emperor then sent an army of 17,000 men to Tibet. In 1793, with the assistance of Tibetan troops, they managed to drive the Nepalese troops to within about 30 km of Kathmandu before the Gurkhas conceded defeat and returned all the treasure they had plundered.[36] Soon the Chinese emperor decreed that the selection of the Dalai Lama and other high lamas such as the Panchen Lama was under the supervision of Qing government's Amban Commissioners in Lhasa. An imperial edict ordered that future dalai lamas were to be chosen from the names of children drawn from a "golden urn".[33][34]

1791年，尼泊尔廓尔喀人第二次入侵西藏，占领了后藏地区，抢劫了扎什伦布寺并把它改作俗用。班禅喇嘛再次逃往拉萨。乾隆皇帝这次派遣了十七万人的军队进入西藏。1793年，在西藏当地军队的帮助下清军击退了尼泊尔军队，并推进到离加德满都只有30公里的地方。廓尔喀人被迫承认失败并退还了抢去的财物。不久之后满清皇帝将达赖、班禅和其他高级喇嘛置于驻在拉萨的满清驻藏大臣的领导之下。另一道敕令规定以后达赖喇嘛的继承人必须用“金瓶掣签”的方法来认定。

4.7 European contact 欧洲的接触

Main article: British expedition to Tibet 英国对西藏的探险

The first Europeans to arrive in Tibet were Portuguese missionaries in 1624 by the hand of António de Andrade, and were welcomed by the Tibetans who allowed them to build a church. The 18th century brought more Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe who gradually met opposition from Tibetan lamas who finally expelled them from Tibet in 1745. However, at the time not all Europeans were banned from the country — in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate trade for the British East India Company, introducing the first potatoes into Tibet.[37]

第一批到达西藏的欧洲人是葡萄牙传教士，他们于1624年到达西藏并且受到西藏人民的热烈欢迎还同意他们建立了一个教堂。18世纪更多的耶稣会和嘉布遣会（Jesuits和Capuchins）从欧洲来到了西藏，逐渐地教会的人员和西藏的喇嘛产生了对立，最终在1745年喇嘛们把教会人员驱逐出了西藏。然而并不是所有欧洲人都被从西藏驱逐出去，在1774年一个苏格兰贵族乔治进入了日喀则（Shigatse），他是为英国东印度公司做市场调查的，他第一次把土豆传入西藏。

However by the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more ominous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas and Afghanistan and the Russian Empire of the tsars was expanding south into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of intent in Tibet. In 1840, Sándor Kőrösi Csoma arrived in Tibet, hoping that he would be able to trace the origin of the Magyar ethnic group. By the 1850s Tibet had banned all foreigners from Tibet and shut its borders to all outsiders.

然而到了19世纪外国人在西藏的存在变得越来越有威胁性。英国皇帝正从北印度逐步蚕食进入喜马拉雅山和阿富汗斯坦（中国陈注其实就是阿富汗他们现在也把阿富汗叫做阿富汗斯坦），同时俄国沙皇也向南进入到中亚地区。他们都有入侵西藏的野心。在1840年匈牙利东亚学家、探险家（Sándor Kőrösi Csoma） 来到了西藏，他希望它能发现匈牙利人的起源。到19世纪50年代西藏禁止所有外国人进入西藏并且关闭了它所有的边界。

In 1865 Great Britain began secretly mapping Tibet. Trained Indian surveyor-spies disguised as pilgrims or traders counted their strides on their travels across Tibet and took readings at night. Nain Singh, the most famous, measured the longitude and latitude and altitude of Lhasa and traced the Yarlung Tsangpo River.

1865年 大英帝国开始秘密的绘制西藏的地图。受过训练的印度测量员兼间谍假扮朝圣者或者商人进入西藏在夜间绘制地图。Nain Singh是其中最著名的间谍，他测量了拉萨的经纬度及高度并且还测绘了雅鲁藏布江。

British Invasion 4.7.2英国的入侵

At the beginning of the twentieth century both the British Empire and Russian Empire competed for supremacy in Central Asia. Tibet was the biggest prize of this rivalry. To forestall the Russians, in 1904, a British expedition led by Colonel Francis Younghusband was sent to Lhasa to force a trading agreement and to prevent Tibetans from establishing a relationship with the Russians.

在20世纪初英国和俄国的沙皇都想获得中亚地区的最高统治权。西藏就成为这一竞争中的最大一个目标。为了抢在俄国人之前得到西藏，在1904年一直英国远征军在陆军上校佛朗西斯（这个人的姓Younghusband超级搞笑 意思就是年轻的丈夫）的带领下被派往拉萨强迫西藏人签订贸易协定并且阻止西藏人同俄国人建交。

On July 19, 1903, Younghusband arrived at Gangtok, the capital city of the Indian state of Sikkim, to prepare for his mission. A letter from the under-secretary to the government of India to Younghusband on July 26, 1903 stated that “In the event of your meeting the Dalai Lama, the government of India authorizes you to give him the assurance which you suggest in your letter.” [38] The British took a few months to prepare for the expedition which pressed into Tibetan territories in early December 1903. The entire British force numbered over 3,000 fighting men and was accompanied by 7,000 sherpas, porters and camp followers.

1903年7月19日 年轻丈夫上校到达了甘托克（Gangtok）来准备出征，甘托克是印度锡金（Sikkim）州的首府。1903年7月26日印度政府的一个副部长给Younghusband的一封信中说“在你同达赖喇嘛的会谈中，印度政府授权你可以迫使达赖喇嘛对你在以前的信件中所提到的事情做出保证（中国陈注 所提到的事情应该就是西藏人签订贸易协定并且阻止西藏人同俄国人建交）英国人花了几个月的时间来准备入侵西藏，最终他们于1903年12月入侵西藏。总数超过3千人的英国士兵与七千人的夏尔巴人(西藏的一个种族)和民工。（夏尔巴人来至金山词霸2007）

The Tibetans were aware of the expedition. To avoid bloodshed the Tibetan general at Yetung pledged that if the Tibetans make no attack upon the British, no attack should be made by the British on them. Colonel Younghusband on December 6, 1903 replied that “we are not at war with Tibet and that, unless we are ourselves attacked, we shall not attack the Tibetans.” [39]

西藏人对这支远征军保持很高警惕。为了避免流血冲突西藏将军在Yetung问询英国人如果西藏人部队英国人发动进攻，英国人也不应该进攻西藏人。年轻丈夫上校在1903年12月6日的回复中说我们不是来同西藏进行战争的，除非我们首先受到了攻击，我们将不会攻击西藏人。

Despite the mutual agreement, the British expedition did take the lives of a few thousand unprepared Tibetan soldiers and civilians. The biggest massacre took place on March 31, 1904 at a mountain pass halfway to Gyantse near a village called Guru. Colonel Younghusband tricked the 2,000 Tibetan soldiers guarding the pass into extinguishing the burning ropes of their basic rifles before firing at them with the Maxim machine guns and rifles. The Tibetan casualty, according to Younghusband’s account, was “500 killed and wounded.” [40] Others have claimed that the Tibetan casualty was as high as 1,300.

尽管有着这样的君子协定，英国远征军依然杀害了数千没有准备的西藏士兵和平民。最大一次的屠杀发生在1904年3月31日在古鲁（Guru）的村子附近。年轻丈夫上校欺骗2千西藏士兵熄灭了他们老式来复枪的火绳（我个人认为西藏士兵当时的来复枪点火需要火绳，如果熄灭了火绳就意味着相当长的一段时间内无法开火）然后英军用马克芯机枪还有来复枪对西藏士兵进行屠杀。源至年轻丈夫上校的日志，有500西藏士兵伤亡。其他人宣称西藏人的伤亡能有1300人之多。

According to the British, their intention was to disarm Tibetan soldiers who were being surrounded. The slaughter was triggered by the Tibetans who fired the first shot. [41] But the accounts of those who pulled the triggers make it clear that the British had the intention of killing as many as possible. “From three sides at once a withering volley of magazine fire crashed into the crowded mass of Tibetans,” wrote Perceval Landon. “Under the appalling punishment of lead, they [the Tibetans] staggered, failed and ran…Men dropped at every yard.” [42]

英国人的说法是，他们试图解除被包围西藏士兵的武装。大屠杀的起因是西藏人开了第一枪。但是开枪人事后的陈述清晰地证明英国人的目的是显然是尽可能地杀死更多的西藏人，“从三面一起对拥挤的大量西藏人进行了一个弹夹的齐射”。这是被Perceval Landon所记录的，“在骇人的枪林弹雨下，西藏人跌跌撞撞地试图逃跑...每一码的距离都有人倒下。