主题：【原创】萨苏家族-1 -- liuq

一直以为他叫沙逊

在网上Google David Sassoon的时候发现，居然有不少新纳粹洋FQ作义粪填膺状抨击万恶的鸦片战争。当然，枪口自然是指向犹太人的，错误自然是百出的，其中一篇流传最广的烂文居然把巴格达挪移到了伊朗。该文片断经翻译后在中文网站上经常出现(好像在河里也见过),特转一篇不错的驳斥文章消消毒。

http://216.128.72.22/ShowTopic.asp?id=400925(好像已经关站了)

海纳百川 论坛 www.hjclub.com

谎言真相：鸦片战争是犹太人发动的吗？ - 2004-2-19 08:52 (276 reads)

作者：太师兄

所谓犹太人沙逊家族与鸦片战争的关系，几年前就有新纳粹组织炮制了一篇漏洞百出的英文材料，用电子邮件形式在互联网上传播。我本人就收到过两次这样的邮件，第一次是在97年香港回归前后。目前一些新纳粹和种族主义网站都如获至宝般将其纳入文集。今年一月底二月初，该文通过中文网上的新纳粹翻译成中文。虽然稍有点现代史知识的人对此不屑一顾，但还是有可能会有人受到蒙蔽，因有必要揭出事实真相，以正视听。

这篇文章的主旨是宣称1833年设立于印度孟买的沙逊父子公司在鸦片战争前大量从事对华鸦片走私活动，在遭遇中国的禁烟运动之后，又带领英国商人签名上书女王，要求对中国报复，发动战争，因而犹太人是鸦片战争的罪魁祸首，云云。

且不说一个商人的行为并不能代表一个民族，就是与最基本事实有关的问题上，这篇纳粹奇文也完全是在肆意撒谎，无中生有地造谣。要了解这一点，我们只需要解决两个问题：第一，沙逊父子公司在鸦片战争前是否从事对华鸦片走私活动？第二，沙逊父子有没有，或有没有可能“联合众商人，要求英国政府为他们复仇并挽回损失”？

我们先看第一个问题。沙逊家族是1829年逃离祖居地巴格达的。此后他们在离巴士拉不远的一个叫Bushire的港口城市住了四年。1832年，大卫沙逊因商业关系到孟买旅行，被当地良好的商业环境打动，遂于次年举家迁往孟买。

沙逊家族原在巴格达经营一家会计房(Counting House)，到孟买后，仍操旧业。经过一次逃亡和一次搬迁，家族的财力已经大不如前。他在孟买建立的会计房座落在一栋俭朴的楼房里，一楼办公，二楼便是全家的住宅。由于沙逊家族在巴格达犹太人中有良好的信誉，所以会计房的生意十分兴隆。不久，除金融交易外，沙逊公司也开始利用其在巴格达和巴士拉的旧交，做起了以纺织品为主的进出口贸易。此时沙逊公司的贸易有两个特点：一是规模小(资本有限)，二是只限于印度与波斯湾地区的进出口贸易，与其它地方毫无关系。[注一]

沙逊的大儿子Abdullah(生于1818年)和二儿子Elias(1820年出生)从十几岁起开始在公司里历练，很快就掌握了波斯湾一路生意的要点，到1840年前后，大卫沙逊将这一路生意完全交给了两兄弟，自己则开始观察孟买与远东的贸易。此时印度向中国出口的主要是棉花和鸦片。为鼓励与中国的贸易，孟买银行于1840年实行了对华贸易(主要是棉花)优先贷款的政策，大卫沙逊受这一政策鼓励，开始切实考虑把贸易扩大到远东的问题。但此时他仍未行动，一方面继续积累资本，另一方面则等待中国的贸易环境发生变化。[注二]

1844年，在中国的通商口岸已经开放，资本雄厚的其它西方公司(如怡和洋行)已经进入中国市场并建立了安全的桥头堡之后，已经通过波斯湾贸易和金融生意积累了足够财富的大卫沙逊派二儿子Elias去中国实地考察商机。Elias在中国花了六年时间进行周游考察、前期商业准备和贸易试探，确认上海和香港是进行贸易的好地点，直到1850年才在上海正式建立了核心商业公司，从事包括鸦片贸易在内的对华贸易。[注三]

综上所述，沙逊公司在鸦片战争(1840)前不但没有向中国走私鸦片，而且与中国基本上没有任何商业关系。沙逊公司与中国的贸易关系是鸦片战争的产物而非原因。事实上，各种有关沙逊公司在鸦片战争前参与鸦片走私活动的说法都毫无依据，也不被任何严肃的学术著作采用。这里边唯一有点影子的说法是沙逊公司向孟买的鸦片生产者提供了贷款。这一说法根据不足，同样不被有关学者采用。而且即使是真的，这与走私鸦片也完全不可同日而语。

沙逊公司之所以在这一阶段未卷入鸦片走私活动，原因有三：第一，大卫沙逊的两个儿子还小，沙逊公司是严格的家族公司，管理决策完全是家族行为，根本不信任外人。所以大卫沙逊一个人忙于波斯湾生意，无暇它顾。第二，沙逊公司资金不足，无力与怡和洋行这类根基深厚的对华贸易公司竞争。第三，大卫沙逊本人个性谨慎小心，从不干领头冒险的事情。Stanley Jackson在总结沙逊家族的这一特性时说：“他们没有一点先驱精神……只是在怡和洋行和其他人已经在通商口岸建立了安全基地之后，他(大卫沙逊)才把自己的儿子派到中国。”[注四]犹太百科全书在总结大卫沙逊的个性时这样说：“大卫沙逊很少去试没被趟过的水。他宁可先观察别人，从他们的错误中吸取教训，然后再去试一种新业务，而且小心翼翼地去试。”这样一种个性决定了他根本不会在情况极其不稳定的鸦片战争前将资金投入对华贸易。即使是在鸦片战争之后，他也还是观察了几年才行动。

现在我们来看看大卫沙逊有没有可能在中国禁烟后“联合众商人，要求英国政府为他们复仇并挽回损失”，以此策动鸦片战争。要承担这种角色，大卫沙逊至少应该具备四个基本条件：第一，鸦片贸易与他有直接利害关系。第二，大卫沙逊是英国公民。第三、大卫沙逊是孟买商界的头面人物。第四、大卫沙逊与英国官员乃至政府有良好的关系。

事实上，这四个条件，大卫沙逊连一条都没有。第一，我们已经说过，在鸦片战争前，沙逊公司跟中国基本上没有贸易往来，当然也就谈不上利害关系。第二，1840年时大卫沙逊根本就不是英国公民。大卫沙逊及其全家直到1853年，也就是鸦片战争爆发13年以后才归化加入英国国籍。[注五]换句话说，即使1840年大卫沙逊在中国的禁烟运动中遭受了惨重的损失，他也不可能向英国政府呼吁开战，因为他不过是居住在英国殖民地的一个土耳其侨民而已。第三，1840年大卫沙逊在孟买商界不但算不上头面人物，甚至连台盘都还没上。孟买商会于1837年成立，大卫沙逊别说不是领袖，甚至连会员资格都没有。按照Cecil Roth的说法，甚至到1845年大卫沙逊都还不是商会会员。[注六]换句话说，别说大卫沙逊没资格去“联合众商人”，他连“被联合”的资格都没有。第四，大卫沙逊至死没学会英文。他在归化入籍的文件上签名用的是阿拉伯文。入籍归化誓言则是用希伯来文写的。[注七]他的活动圈子一向局限于当地犹太社区，没有也不可能跟英国官员或英国政府发展出足以策动一场战争的关系。

现在我们已经清楚了：沙逊公司在鸦片战争前没有参与向中国的鸦片走私活动，更没有参与策动鸦片战争。那篇网上流传的造谣文章完全是中外新纳粹份子造出来愚弄网民的。该文不仅在关键地方造谣，而且连基本事实都错得一塌糊涂，真真是把网民的智商贬低到了无可再低的程度。随手举两例例如下：

(1) “1832年来到英国统治下的印度港口城市孟买，凭借财富加入了英国国籍。”把沙逊家族的入籍时间提前了21年，目的只有一个，欺骗网民去相信沙逊参与了策动鸦片战争。

(2) “港口城市孟买作为殖民属地，一定会在对东方的鸦片（和纺织）贸易中扮演重要的角色，于是他立即就在孟买设立了沙逊公司”。沙逊设立的会计房不仅与鸦片无关，而且开始的时候根本就不做贸易，只是一个金融机构。

还有其它我前面已经驳斥过的，就不再一一列举，那篇奇文我放在后面，读者自己可以判断。英文的那篇还把矛头对准了罗斯福总统和英国王室。这世界上除了新纳粹份子，还有谁会把罗斯福和英国王室放在一块仇恨呢？真是不打自招。

应该指出，从反以到反犹，进而与种族主义者与新纳粹份子同流合污，这是目前中文网上失败了的反以份子们正在堕落的新轨迹。亲以反以，不过是策略之争。种族主义和反犹则是个原则问题。堕落为反犹份子，就离成为中国的新纳粹法西斯份子相距不远了。

[注一]参见Cecil Roth, The Sassoon Dynasty, Robert Hall Limited, London, 1941，第44-45页。

[注二]参见Stanley Jackson, The Sassoons, E. P. Dutton & Co. INC, New York 1968, 第21页。

[注三]Cecil Roth，第48页。

[注四]Stanley Jackson，第30页。

[注五]Cecil Roth，第55页。

[注六]Cecil Roth，第44页。

[注七]Cecil Roth，第55页。

附录一

Hong Kong and the Sassoon Opium Wars

When the 99 year British lease on Hong Kong's New Territories expired, the Crown of the City of London's Colony was ceded to China. Of hundreds of newspaper stories and TV reports that covered this event, not one revealed how England first gained control of Hong Kong! The truth lies buried in the family line of David Sassoon, "The Rothschilds of The Far East," and their monopoly over the opium trade. Britain won Hong Kong by launching the opium Wars to give the Sassoons exclusive rights to drug an entire nation!

David Sassoon was born in Baghdad, Iran in 1792, son of Saleh Sassoon, a wealthy banker and the treasurer to Ahmet Pasha, governor of Baghdad (making him the "court Jew" -- a highly influential position). When Ahmet was overthrown for corruption in 1829, the Sassoons fled to Bombay, India, the strategic trade route to India and gateway to the Far East. Soon the British government granted Sassoon "monopoly rights" to the manufacture of cotton goods, silk and most importantly, Opium -- at that time the most addictive drug in the world!

The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1905, states that Sassoon expanded his opium trade into China and Japan. He placed his eight sons in charge of the major opium exchanges in China. According to the 1944 Jewish Encyclopedia: "He employed only Jews in his business, and wherever he sent them he built synagogues and schools for them. He imported whole families of fellow Jews . . . and put them to work."

Sassoon's sons were busy pushing this mind-destroying drug in Canton, China. Between 1830 and 1831 they trafficked 18,956 chests of opium, earning millions of dollars. Part of the profits went to Queen Victoria and the British government. In the year 1836 the trade increased to over 30,000 chests and drug addiction became endemic in coastal cities.

In 1839, the Manchu Emperor ordered it stopped and named Commissioner of Canton, Lin Tse-hsu, to lead a campaign against opium. Lin seized 2,000 chests of Sassoon opium and threw it into the river. An outraged David Sassoon demanded that Great Britain retaliate. Thus, the Opium Wars began with the British Army fighting as mercenaries of the Sassoons. They attacked cities and blockaded ports. The Chinese Army, decimated by 10 years of rampant opium addiction, proved no match for the British Army. The war ended in 1839 with the signing of "The Treaty of Nanking." This included provisions especially designed to guarantee the Sassoons the right to enslave an entire population with opium. The "peace treaty" included the following provisions:-

Full legalization of the opium trade in China,

Compensation from the opium stockpiles confiscated by Lin of 2 million pounds,

Territorial sovereignty for the British Crown over two hundred offshore islands.

Sassoon's use the British Army to Drug an entire Nation

British Prime Minister Palmerston wrote Crown Commissiner Captain Charles Elliot that the treaty didn't go far enough. He said it should have been rejected out of hand because: "After all, our naval power is so strong that we can tell the Emperor what we mean to hold rather than what he would cede. We must demand the admission of opium into interior China as an article of lawful commerce and increase the indemnity payments and British access to several additional Chinese ports." Thus, China not only had to reimburse Sassoon the value of his dumped opium but to pay England the sum of 21 million pounds for the cost of the war!

This gave the Sassoon's monopoly rights to distribute opium in port cities. However, even did not satisfy him and Sassoon demanded the right to sell opium throughout the nation. The Manchus resisted and the British Army again attacked in the "Second Opium War fought 1858 - 1860. Palmerston declared that all of interior China must be open for uninterrupted opium traffic. The British suffered a defeat at the Taku Forts in June 1859, when sailors, ordered to seize the forts, were run aground in the mud-choked harbor and several hundred killed or captured. An enraged Palmerston said: "We shall teach such a lesson to these perfidious hordes that the name of Europe will hereeafter be a passport of fear."

In October, the British besieged Peking. When the city fell, British commander Lord Elgin, ordered the temples in the city sacked and burned to the ground as a show of comtempt. In the new "Peace Treaty" of Oct.25, 1860, the British were assigned rights to a vastly expanded opium trade covering seven-eights of China, which brought in over 20 million pounds in 1864 alone. In that year, the Sassoons imported 58,681 chests of opium and by 1880 it skyrocketed to 105,508 chests, making the Sassoons the richest Jews in the world. England was given the Hong Kong peninsula as a colony and large sections of Amoy, Canton, Foochow, Ningpo and Shanghai. The Sassoons were now licensing opium dens in each British occupied area with large fees being collected by their Jewish agents. Sassoon would not allow any other race to engage in "the Jews' business."

However, the British government would not allow any opium to be imported into Europe!

Sassoon's Monopoly wrecked England's Textile Industry in Lancashire, and made the Roosevelt's Wealthy

Sir Albert Sassoon, the eldest of David Sassoon's sons took over the family empire, constructing huge textile mills in Bombay where he paid slave labor wages. This expansion continued after World War One, putting England's mills in Lancashire out of business. Thousands lost their jobs. This did not deter Queen Victoria from knighting Albert Sassoon in 1872.

Solomon Sassoon moved to Hong Kong and ran the family business there until his death in 1894. Later, the entire family moved to England because with modern communications they could operate their financial empire from their luxurious estates in London and socialize with royalty. Edward Albert. Sassoon married Aline Caroline de Rothschild in 1887, linking their fortunes. The Queen also knighted Edward. All of David Sassoon's fourteen grandsons were made officers during World War One, thus most were able to avoid combat.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's fortune was inherited from his maternal grandfather Warren Delano. In 1830 he was a senior partner of Russell & Company whose merchant fleet carried Sassoon's opium to China and returned with tea. Warren Delano moved to Newburgh, N.Y. In 1851 his daughter Sara married well-born neighbor, James Roosevelt - the father of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Although he knew the origin of the family fortune, he refused to discuss it.

The Sassoon opium trade brought death and destruction to millions and still plagues Asia to this day. Their company was totally operated by Jews ONLY! The corrupt Khazar British monarchy honored them and although history describes them as the "great developers" of India, the source of their vast wealth is never mentioned! sassoon.htm

附录二

犹太人大卫．沙逊与鸦片战争

作者：ZhaoDaming 提交日期：2004-2-1 0:27:00

1840年中、英鸦片战争暴发，英国政府进而通过《南京条约》把香港窃为己有，可是很少有人知道，英国发动这场战争所要保护的对象――鸦片，出自著名的沙逊集团创始人犹太人大卫．沙逊之手。

　　大卫．沙逊1793年出生于巴格达富庶而有名望的犹太家庭，成年后因与当地行政长官发生矛盾，于是携全家离开巴格达，1832年来到英国统治下的印度港口城市孟买，凭借财富加入了英国国籍。大卫．沙逊知道，当时的英国工业资本家为了获得更多的贸易权力与利润，正在极力反对东印度公司垄断地位，而港口城市孟买作为殖民属地，一定会在对东方的鸦片（和纺织）贸易中扮演重要的角色，于是他立即就在孟买设立了沙逊公司。

　　事情的发展果如大卫．沙逊所料，1833年8月，英国议会通过了废止东印度公司对华贸易专利权的法案，大卫．沙逊便全力将英国人在印度生产的鸦片输入中国市场。“黄金如雪片似地向他飞来”，有作者这样赞扬沙逊公司的业绩。按照犹太人的传统，大卫．沙逊还把两个妻子所生的八个儿子安排在鸦片贸易的重要岗位上。

　　1930～1931年，英国人销售鸦片近两万箱，获利合成美元有数百万（一部分流入英国女王的腰包）；1836年交易超过3万箱，中国东南沿海城市很多青壮年男子和兵丁已经深深堕入沙逊公司生产的鸦片的毒瘾。

　　1838年，清政府派林则徐前往鸦片重灾区广东禁烟，次年林则徐扣留英国鸦片2万箱并将之销毁。面对惨重的损失，恼怒的犹太鸦片巨商大卫．沙逊联合众商人，要求英国政府为他们复仇并挽回损失，于是1840年中、英鸦片战争暴发，战争以中、英1842年签订《南京条约》结束。《南京条约》规定：1、割香港岛给英国；2、赔款2100万元（西班牙银元）；3、开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海五处为通商口岸……

　　中、英鸦片战争之后，犹太人大卫．沙逊的鸦片贸易获得了天赐良机，沙逊公司凭借《南京条约》及英国政府给予的特权，先后在广州、香港和上海设立了分公司，尤以上海的业务扩展迅猛，上海后来甚至变成沙逊公司在华业务的中心，地位超过香港和广州，这也为沙逊公司直至20世纪中叶的发展奠定了坚实的基础。对华鸦片贸易为大卫．沙逊及其家族带来了巨大的财富，据估计他在1854年时已拥有百万财富，成为英属印度的首富。

　　除了早期的鸦片和棉纺贸易之外，沙逊公司的业务范围也随着财富的积累而扩大，例如1864年8月，大卫．沙逊会同其他洋行代表发起创办了香港汇丰银行。

　　1864年11月7日，71岁的大卫．沙逊死于印度，沙逊家族继续上演远东商业的传奇