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主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客

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尽管并非出于政治正确的缘故,但是本章节到目前为止介绍的都是女性诗人,现在也该引入一位男性的声音了。鉴于苏格兰独立问题——以及联合王国的前途问题——至今依然活跃,笔者认为有必要介绍一下苏格兰学者兼诗人罗伯特.克劳福德并且收录几段他站在支持独立立场上创作的诗文。第一首《声明》(Declaration)表明支持苏格兰独立并不等同于透过玫瑰色镜片——或者说蓟色镜片——一厢情愿地美化这个国家:

My name is Scotland. I am an alcoholic.

Sexism runs through me as through a stick of rock.

For all my blotchy pinkness, I am determined

To be less prim about my gene-pool, more airily cosmopolitan;

To love my inner Mary, my Floral Clock and John Thou Shalt Knox.

I can live fine without nuclear subs.

I've built far too many warships.

All I want now is my dignity back,

To stand on my own unsteady feet,

Sobered up, but not too sober, to renew

My auld alliance with this tipsy planet,

My dependence

And my independence.

我的名字是苏格兰。我是一名酒鬼。

性别歧视渗透了我的全身就像渗透一根石棒。

尽管我满脸斑痕,肤色潮红,但却依然决心

不那么古板地对待我的基因池,而是要更加无谓地

走国际化路线;

热爱我内心的玛丽女王、我的爱丁堡花钟,还有约翰.诺克斯圣经

我没有核潜艇也能活得很好。

我已经建造了太多战舰。

我只想要回我的尊严

颤颤巍巍地自主挺立

恢复清醒,但不能太清醒,从而延续

我与这个微醺星球的旧日盟约,

我的依赖

以及我的独立。

不过克劳福德对于苏格兰的前途依然很乐观,下面这首源自2014年的诗集《证言》(Testament)的《苏格兰宪法》(The Scottish Constitution)就是明证:

It must contain silver sands. It must hold water

In the shape of lochans, hydro dams, and firths.

它必须含有银色沙滩。必须有水

以湖泊、水坝和峡湾的形式。

It must be just, in the sense both of perjink

And even-handed, shaking hands with all.

它必须公正,不仅要简洁精炼

而且要不偏不倚,与所有人握手。

It must be old, with the wisdom of the rookie,

It needs to know its onions, has to laugh

它必须年老,还要有新人的智慧,

它需要熟悉自己的洋葱,不得不在

And dance at weddings, all recriminations,

Selkie stories, fiscal memoranda.

婚礼上欢笑与起舞,所有的责备,

海豹人的故事,财政备忘录。

It must be shy, tongue-tied, then eloquent,

Catching your eye and holding it for ever,

它一定要羞涩,张口结舌,然后再侃侃而谈。

吸引你的眼球,并永远抓住你的注意力。

However far you go, to whatever shores,

Atolls or cities, it must hold you fast.

不管你走多远,抵达什么海岸

环礁或者城市,它必须将你抓牢。

不知道各位读者怎么想,反正笔者并不介意定居在这样一个国家。不过克劳福德究竟是否希望苏格兰独立呢?是的。请看短诗《起床号》(Reveille):

Wake up, new nation,

Stretch yourself. It's time

To fling the covers back, and sing,

Alarm-clock loud, a sharpened trill of song

Greeting the daylight now that Dawn has broken,

You who have slept so long - too long-

With one eye open.

醒来吧,全新的国家,

伸展腿脚,时辰已至

将要掀掉遮蔽,放声歌唱

闹钟响亮,尖锐的嘶鸣

迎接晨光,天色已经破晓

你在睡觉时睁着一只眼

已经太久了——实在太久了。

苏格兰的前途还有待观察,不过毋庸置疑的是政治的确十分重要。政治失败会播撒大而化之的抑郁情绪,可能的政治成功则会为我们提供通向未来的全新道路。苏格兰问题的特别之处在于不仅诉诸于头脑,还攥住了人们的五脏六腑。值得注意的是,以欧盟政治或者财政紧缩政策为题的英国诗歌少之又少,几乎没有。部分原因或许在于当代的讽刺艺术采用了不同于诗歌的形式。

不过如果说讽刺诗歌步履蹒跚,更加泛化的讽刺则并非如此。温蒂.柯普生在肯特,成人之后先做了一段时间教师,然后投身于出版与新闻行业。1986年她出版了诗集《为金斯利.艾米斯冲可可》(Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis),由此打入诗坛。1998年有人针对泰德.休斯之后下一任桂冠诗人人选进行了民调,柯普得票位居榜首。英国一直存在着所谓高派轻诗歌的传统,代表人物包括西莱尔.贝洛克,G.K.切斯特顿、T.S.艾略特以及某些情绪之下的金斯利.艾米斯。这里的“轻”字并不意味着不严肃。某种意义上史蒂威.史密斯假装天真的风格就可以说很“轻”,但她却是二十世纪五十年代最严肃的诗人之一。柯普的风格很像史密斯,尽管总体而言更加欢乐。请看《该死的男人》(Bloody Men):

“Bloody men are like bloody buses —

You wait for about a year

And as soon as one approaches your stop

Two or three others appear.

该死的男人就像该死的巴士——

你都等了大约一年时间,

而当一辆靠近你的车站,

其他两三辆也随之出现。

You look at them flashing their indicators,

Offering you a ride.

You’re trying to read the destinations,

You haven’t much time to decide.

你看它们正在闪着指示灯,

让你搭乘同行,

你竭力辨认着那些终点站,

你没有多少时间作决定。

If you make a mistake, there is no turning back.

Jump off, and you’ll stand there and gaze

While the cars and the taxis and lorries go by

And the minutes, the hours, the days.”

如果搭错车,就无法调转方向再回头。

一旦跳下车,就只能赶瞪眼站在原地,

眼看着轿车、的士、卡车川流不息,

还有分秒、时日、岁月匆匆逝去。【译者不详,有修改】

柯普的很多诗作都涉及恋爱与恋爱期间的各种脑残行为。此外她还将现代诗歌本身也当成了讽刺对象。下面这首《朗读会》(A Reading)宛如一颗小小的宝石,生动描写了一场糟糕的诗人见面会。我们很多人都曾满怀希望地参与过此类活动,最终却只能活受罪:

Everybody in this room is bored.

The poems drag, the voice and gestures irk.

He can’t be interrupted or ignored.

房间里的所有人都极其厌倦。

一首首诗没完没了,声音与手势令人烦乱。

他无法被忽视,也无法被打断。

Poor fools, we came here of our own accord,

And some of us have paid to hear this jerk.

Everybody in this room is bored.

我们这些可怜的蠢货,居然出于自愿来到此地,

有些人甚至花钱买票,只为听这个混蛋朗诵诗句。

房间里的所有人都厌烦嫌弃。

The silent cry goes up, “How long, O Lord?”

But nobody will scream or go berserk.

He won’t be interrupted or ignored,

无声的哭喊越发高调:“上帝啊!他怎么还在念?”

但是台下听众并未尖叫狂乱。

他无法被打断,更不肯受人怠慢,

Or hit by eggs, or savaged by a horde

Of desperate people maddened by his work.

Everybody in this room is bored,

或者任人猛击裤裆,或者被人撕扯稀碎

尽管他的歪诗气得太多人几乎崩溃。

房间里的所有人都极其厌倦疲累。

Except the poet. We are his reward,

Pretending to indulge his every quirk.

He won’t be interrupted or ignored.

唯有诗人是例外。我们就是他的奖励,

只得假装纵容他的每一点怪癖。

想要打断或者忽视他都是徒劳无益

At last it’s over. How we all applaud!

The poet thanks us with a modest smirk.

Everybody in the room was bored.

He wasn’t interrupted or ignored.

终于念完了!我们的掌声惊天动地。

诗人向我们致谢,嘴角挂着笑意。

房间里的所有人都厌烦嫌弃。

始终没人忽视他或者打断他的诗句。

柯普的诗作销路极佳,简直是一车一车地往外卖。所以说她主要是一位旨在娱乐读者的诗人——是吗?

Write to amuse? What an appalling suggestion!

I write to make people anxious and miserable and to

worsen their indigestion.

写作为了取悦?多么骇人的建议!

我写作是为了让人们焦躁难受以及

让他们的消化不良加剧。

于2009年去世的乌苏拉.阿斯卡姆.范梭普就像柯普一样生在肯特。她在事业生涯的大部分时间里也担任教师,在切尔滕纳姆的一所高档女校就职。后来她改行成为了布里斯托某医院的前台招待,从此才开始认真地创作诗歌,从此一发而不可收拾,出版了一本又一本诗集,吸引了越来越广泛的读者群。范梭普的特长在于从刁钻的角度审视世界,此外她也很擅长宣扬英格兰的国民性。以下选段来自她的早期作品《入土》(Earthed):

But earthed for all that, in the chalky

Kent mud, thin sharp ridges between wheel-tracks, in

Surrey's wild gravel,

却是为了这一切而插在土中,白垩质地的

肯特郡泥泞,车辙之间薄而锐利的长棱,位于

萨里的天然砂砾之间,

In serious Cotswold uplands, where

Limestone confines the verges like yellow teeth,

And trees look sideways.

在严肃的科茨沃尔德的山地上

石灰岩限制了边缘如同黄色的牙齿

树木全都扭头侧目。

范梭普的历史意识就像托马斯.哈代一样强烈,有时也像哈代一样病态。下面这首《公元前后》(BC:AD)设想了公元元年的情景:

This was the moment when Before

Turned into After, and the future's

Uninvented timekeepers presented arms.

就在这一刻,之前

变成了之后,未来的

尚未发明的计时器展露了指针。

This was the moment when nothing

Happened. Only dull peace

Sprawled boringly over the earth.

就在这一刻,一切都

没有发生。只有沉闷的和平

无聊地在地表蔓延。

This was the moment when even energetic Romans

Could find nothing better to do

Than counting heads in remote provinces.

就在这一刻,就连精力充沛的罗马人

都找不到更好的事情可做

只得在偏远行省数人头。

And this was the moment

When a few farm workers and three

Members of an obscure Persian sect

Walked haphazard by starlight straight

Into the kingdom of heaven.

就在这一刻

几位农夫与三名

来自某个籍籍无名的波斯教派的成员

在星光指引下艰难跋涉

径直走进了天国。

诚然,这首诗文辞优美并且别出机杼地重新审视了一段耳熟能详的历史故事。但是这首诗或许并不能充分解释为什么会有这么多人狂热地追捧范梭普的作品。要想解释这一现象,可以看看下面这首《阿特拉斯》(Atlas),收录于1995年出版的诗集《安如家宅》(Safe as Houses)。这首诗以爱为题材,但却是某种其他诗人几乎从来没写过的爱,不过正是这种爱维持着世界的运行:

There is a kind of love called maintenance

Which stores the WD40 and knows when to use it;

有一种爱叫做维护

它收好防锈喷雾并且懂得如何使用;

Which checks the insurance, and doesn’t forget

The milkman; which remembers to plant bulbs;

它检查保险缴费,也不会忘记

送奶工的上门时间;它记得换灯泡;

Which answers letters; which knows the way

The money goes; which deals with dentists

它写回信;他很清楚

日常开支明细;它预约牙医,

And Road Fund Tax and meeting trains,

And postcards to the lonely; which upholds

缴纳养路费,查清火车发车时间,

向孤独者寄明信片;它扶住了生活

The permanently rickety elaborate

Structures of living, which is Atlas.

这座永远摇摇欲坠的精巧

框架,它就是阿特拉斯。

And maintenance is the sensible side of love,

Which knows what time and weather are doing

To my brickwork; insulates my faulty wiring;

Laughs at my dryrotten jokes; remembers

My need for gloss and grouting; which keeps

My suspect edifice upright in air,

As Atlas did the sky.

维护是爱的感性一面

它知道时令与天气如何影响了

我砌的砖墙;为我的短路电线做了绝缘处理;

嘲笑我的老套笑话;记得

我对于刷浆上漆的需求;它托起了

我那悬在半空中的可疑门面

正如阿特拉斯托起天空。

范梭普的文化底蕴极其深厚,她曾在最艰难的时间与地点公开以女同身份生活,而且她还是一名贵格会信徒。她表达的英格兰国民性既内敛又火热,表面纹丝不动,内里却沸腾开锅。她尤其让笔者想起了威廉.柯珀,尽管她躲过了柯珀的疯病。

此外有时也有人将范梭普拿来与克雷格.莱恩相比较。莱恩是牛津教授,与他的朋友克里斯托弗.里德一起发明了所谓的“火星人”诗歌流派——既通过陌生的视角再度审视原本熟悉的事物,打乱既成秩序,展现全新的世界。莱恩生在达勒姆,父亲前半生是拳击手,后半生改行成为了信仰治疗师。他在巴纳德城堡中学上学时遇到了一位认识A.H.奥登的英文老师,这位老师改变了他的人生走向。他的大部分成年时期都在学术界度过,就像人生下半场的马修.阿诺德那样。他会周期性地步入外部世界,参加文学擂台赛以及出版诗作。

要想领会莱恩的视角——就像范梭普一样是敏锐的匆匆一瞥,旨在揭露寻常景象的惊异特质——可以看看下面这首《铺草皮》(Laying a lawn),选自1978年的诗集《洋葱的回忆》(The Onion, Memory):

Up and down the lawn he walks with cycling hands

that tremble on the mower's stethoscope.

他在草坪上走来走去,双手划圈

在剪草机的听诊器上震颤

Creases blink behind his knees.

He stares at a promise of spray

褶皱在他的膝盖腿窝里眨眼。

他盯着一道喷雾的承诺

and wrestles with Leviathan alone. Victorious,

he bangs the grass box empty like clog ...

独自与利维坦角力。大获成功,

他敲打储草盒,清空里面的堵塞……

The shears area Y that wants to be an X -

he holds them like a water diviner,

园艺剪刀是想要成为X形的Y形——

他拿剪子的姿势好像卜水杖

and hangs them upside down, a wish-bone.

His hands row gently on the plunger

然后将其倒挂,好似许愿骨。

他的手柔和地攥着掘土杖

and detonate the Earth. He smacks the clods

and dandles weeds on trembling prongs.

爆破了土地。他砸碎土块

震颤的叉头挂着杂草。

They lie, a heap of dusters softly shaken out.

At night he plays a pattering hose, fanned

它们躺在一旁,就像被轻柔摇动过的鸡毛掸。

夜里他奏响了啪啪的喷灌头,喷水如扇面

like a drummer's brush. His aim is to grow

the Kremlin - the roses' tight pink cupolas

好似鼓手的擦击。他的目标是培育

克里姆林——玫瑰的紧致粉色凉棚

ring bells ... For this he stands in weariness,

tired as a teapot, feeling the small of his back.

敲响了钟……因此他才不顾疲劳地站着

如同茶壶一般疲倦,感受着背部的渺小。

现代诗人面临着类似现代画家的问题,即如何求新——在这么多前辈之后,诗歌还能表达全新的内容吗?还能以全新的方式表达这些内容吗?笔者以为克雷格.莱恩确实开辟了一条诗歌创作的新路。这条新路的危险在于看上去学术气质太重,不像是真心实意的世界观,更像是玩弄光线的戏法。这项风险确实很可观,但是莱恩已经一次又一次证明了他能取得成功——尽管一味模仿他的人们往往失败。诗歌的经典挑战之一是描写雪景,在这平淡无奇的奇迹当中寻找新意。前文当中接受过这一挑战的诗人包括威廉.柯珀、约翰.戴维森与路易斯.马克尼斯。下面请看莱恩的《雪如何落下》(How Snow Falls):

Like the unshaven prickle

of a sharpened razor,

this new coldness in the air,

the pang

of something intangible.

Filling our eyes,

the sinusitis of perfume

without the perfume.

And then love's vertigo,

love's exactitude,

this snow, this transfiguration

we never quite get over.

就像没有剃掉的胡茬

长在磨利的剃刀上,

空气中新出现的寒冷,

来自

无形之物的剧痛

充满我们的眼睛,

没有香气的香水

引发的鼻窦炎。

然后还有爱的晕眩,

爱的精确

这场雪,这场变形

我们从未彻底抛在脑后。

现在我们应该已经看出来了,当代英国诗人倾向于远离重大题材——例如战争,国际形势或者世界现状。詹姆斯.芬顿于1949年生于林肯郡,在大部分职业生涯当中都担任记者兼战场通讯员兼新闻评论员。但是也有些眼光毒辣的批评家认为他是同代人当中最伟大的英语诗人。他是七十年代汇聚在《新政治家》杂志社的年轻写手之一,看起来安静谦虚,有些昏昏欲睡。他的代表作《德意志安魂曲》(German Requiem)回顾了二十世纪最恐怖的场景之一,即德国遭受盟军轰炸后的惨状:

It is not what they built. It is what they knocked down.

It is not the houses. It is the spaces in between the houses.

It is not the streets that exist. It is the streets that no longer exist.

It is not your memories which haunt you.

It is not what you have written down.

It is what you have forgotten, what you must forget.

What you must go on forgetting all your life.

And with any luck oblivion should discover a ritual.

You will find out that you are not alone in the enterprise.

Yesterday the very furniture seemed to reproach you.

Today you take your place in the Widow's Shuttle.

不在于他们建了什么,在于他们拆了什么。

不在于房屋,在于屋间的白地。

不在于现存的街道,在于不复存在的街道。

不在于萦绕你的记忆。

不在于你写下的文字。

在于你已遗忘了什么,你必须遗忘什么。

你必须穷尽一生不断遗忘什么。

如果运气好,遗忘能够发现一次典礼。

你能发现这样努力的人并非只有你一个。

昨天就连那些家具似乎都要责备你。

今天你在寡妇的班车上适得其位。*1

*1【“寡妇的班车”既通向军人公墓的公共汽车。】

The bus is waiting at the southern gate

To take you to the city of your ancestors

Which stands on the hill opposite, with gleaming pediments,

As vivid as this charming square, your home.

Are you shy? You should be. It is almost like a wedding,

The way you clasp your flowers and give a little tug at your veil. Oh,

The hideous bridesmaids, it is natural that you should resent them

Just a little, on this first day.

But that will pass, and the cemetery is not far.

Here comes the driver, flicking a toothpick into the gutter,

His tongue still searching between his teeth.

See, he has not noticed you. No one has noticed you.

It will pass, young lady, it will pass.

公车在南门等候

带你去祖先之城

它矗立在对面的山上,有微光闪烁的山墙,

和这迷人的广场一样栩栩如生,这里是你的家。

你害羞吗?你应该害羞。这多像一场婚礼,

你握花和微微拉下面纱的方式。哦,

可憎的女傧相,你对她们抱有些许憎恶

也很自然,这毕竟是你第一次来。

反感总会逝去,墓地并不遥远。

司机过来了,把一根牙签弹进阴沟里,

他的舌头还在齿间搜寻。

看,他没有注意你。没有人注意你。

一切都将逝去,女士,一切都将逝去。

How comforting it is, once or twice a year,

To get together and forget the old times.

As on those special days, ladies and gentlemen,

When the boiled shirts gather at the graveside

And a leering waistcoast approaches the rostrum.

It is like a solemn pact between the survivors.

They mayor has signed it on behalf of the freemasonry.

The priest has sealed it on behalf of all the rest.

Nothing more need be said, and it is better that way-

何等宽慰,一年一两回,

聚在一起,忘掉旧时光。

在那些不寻常的日子里,女士们先生们,

浆洗熨烫过的衬衫聚集在坟墓旁

一件目露狡诈的马甲逼近演讲坛。

就像幸存者间的一份严肃公约。

他们的市长代表共济会签署。

司铎代表其余的人签署。

没有什么要说的了,这样其实更好——

The better for the widow, that she should not live in fear of surprise,

The better for the young man, that he should move at liberty between the armchairs,

The better that these bent figures who flutter among the graves

Tending the nightlights and replacing the chrysanthemums

Are not ghosts,

That they shall go home.

The bus is waiting, and on the upper terraces

The workmen are dismantling the houses of the dead.

对寡妇更好,她不该活在惊诧的恐惧中,

对年轻人更好,他应该自由的在扶手椅间移动,

更好的是,这些在坟墓间弯腰飘动

修理夜灯、更换菊花的身影

不是鬼魂,

更好的是他们能回家。

公车在等待,在阶地上面

工人们正在拆除死者的房子。

But when so many had died, so many and at such speed,

There were no cities waiting for the victims.

They unscrewed the name-plates from the shattered doorways

And carried them away with the coffins.

So the squares and parks were filled with the eloquence of young cemeteries:

The smell of fresh earth, the improvised crosses

And all the impossible directions in brass and enamel.

但当这么多人死去,这么多,这么快,

没有城市等待受难者。

他们从破损的门口拧下名牌

和棺材一起带走。

于是广场和公园充满了新墓地的修辞:

新鲜的泥土气息,仓促准备的十字架

黄铜与珐琅铸成了那么多乱指一气的路标。

'Doctor Gliedschirm, skin specialist, surgeries 14-16 hours or by appointment.'

Professor Sarnagel was buried with four degrees, two associate memberships

And instructions to tradesmen to use the back entrance.

Your uncle's grave informed you that he lived in the third floor, left.

You were asked please to ring, and he would come down in the lift

To which one needed a key...

“格里德施海姆医生,皮肤科专家,14-16时诊疗或者预约。”

萨尔纳格教授的陪葬品包括带着四个学位,两个准会员资格

以及一份告诉商人们请走后门的告示。

你叔父的坟墓告诉你他曾住在三楼,左边。

你要去按铃,他会从电梯里下来

电梯需要钥匙来开启……

Would come down, would ever come down

With a smile like thin gruel, and never too much to say.

How he shrank through the years.

How you towered over him in the narrow cage.

How he shrinks now...

才会下来,总会下来

带着稀粥样的微笑,而且从不多说。

这些年来他的身材如何佝偻。

你怎样在拥挤的电梯厢里高过他。

他现在矮了多少……

But come. Grief must have its term? Guilt too, then.

And it seems there is no limit to the resourcefulness of recollection.

So that a man might say and think:

When the world was at its darkest,

When the black wings passed over the rooftops,

(And who can divine His purposes?) even then

There was always, always a fire in this hearth.

You see this cupboard? A priest-hole!

And in that lumber-room whole generations have been housed and fed.

Oh, if I were to begin, if I were to begin to tell you

The half, the quarter, a mere smattering of what we went through!

但是来吧。悲伤一定会终止?那么,负疚感也一样。

回忆的智谋似乎没有止境。

以至一个人可以说话和思考:

当世界最黑暗的时候,

当黑色的翅膀越过房顶,

(谁又能预卜祂的意图?)即便在那时

他的壁炉里依然,依然有火。

你看这个碗橱?一间告解亭!

而整整几代人就居住生活在那个储藏室里。

哦,要是我当真开始,要是我当真开始告诉你

我们全部经历的一半,四分之一,或者仅仅说一点点。

His wife nods, and a secret smile,

Like a breeze with enough strength to carry one dry leaf

Over two pavingstones, passes from chair to chair.

Even the enquirer is charmed.

He forgets to pursue the point.

It is not what he wants to know.

It is what he wants not to know.

It is not what they say.

It is what they do not say.

他的妻子点头,并且神秘地微笑,

像一阵力量足够的微风吹着一片枯叶

越过两条石子路,穿过一把又一把椅子。

就连追问者都着了迷。

忘了继续追问下去。

不在于他想知道什么。

在于他不想知道什么。

不在于他们说了什么。

在于他们没说什么。【参考了厄土网友的译文】

简而言之,今天我们英国人当中依然生活着一大批技法传统且头脑敏锐的诗人,诗文覆盖了广泛的重大题材,而且女性诗人为数众多。

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