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主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客

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家园 凯尔特人、不列颠人与他们的朋友们3

哈利.韦伯关于圣大卫日的诗歌是二十世纪七十年代之前少有的威尔士民族主义诗歌。威尔士境内界线分明,一边是使用威尔士语的西北部,另一边是使用英语的工业化东南部。这一分界倒是没有激发苏格兰与爱尔兰面对的激烈宪政危机,但是自从六十年代以来就兴起了越发高涨的威尔士民族主义运动。运动的最极端参与者会诉诸于纵火,但是运动主流还是专注于诗歌与文化。韦伯是斯旺西的工人子弟,后来考上了牛津,二战时又加入了英军。复员之后他来到苏格兰,在这里结识了休.麦克迪尔米德并且投向了激进民族主义:

On the first day of March we remember

St. David the pride of our land,

Who taught us the stern path of duty

And for freedom and truth made a stand.

在三月的第一天我们牢记

这片土地的骄傲圣大卫

他教导我们谨守职责之路

捍卫自由真理坚守不退。

So here's to the sons of St. David,

Those youngsters so loyal and keen

Who'll haul down the red, white and blue, lads,

And hoist up the red, white and green.

这首诗献给圣大卫的子孙,

这些忠诚热切的年轻人

他们将会扯下红白蓝的旗帜,

高高彰显红白绿的精神。*1

*1【红白蓝旗为英国国旗米字旗的配色,红白绿是威尔士红龙旗的配色。】

In the dark gloomy days of December

We mourn for Llywellyn with pride

Who fell in defence of his country

With eighteen brave men by his side.

在阴暗惨淡的十二月

我们骄傲地悼念卢埃林亲王*2

他为了捍卫这个国家而捐躯

十八名壮士战死在他身旁。

*2【Llywelyn ap Gruffudd,爱德华一世征服威尔士之前最后一任威尔士统治者,于1282年12月11日战死于奥利温桥战役(Battle of Orewin Bridge)。】

So here's to the sons of Lyellyn,

The heirs of that valiant eighteen

Who'll haul down the red, white and blue, lads,

And hoist up the red, white and green.

这首诗献给卢埃林的子孙

献给十八壮士的继承人

他们将会扯下红白蓝的旗帜,

高高彰显红白绿的精神。

In the warm, golden days of September,

Great Owain Glyndwr took the field,

For fifteen long years did he struggle

And never the dragon did yield.

在温暖灿烂的九月

伟大的欧文.格林杜尔踏上征途,*3

漫长的十五年间他坚持斗争

期间红龙始终未曾屈服。

*3【Owain Glyndwr,于1400年9月16日发动叛乱对抗英王亨利四世。1412年之后下落不明。有追随者主张他于1415年去世。】

So here's to the sons of Great Owain,

Who'll show the proud Sais what we mean

When we haul down the red, white and blue, lads,

And hoist up the red, white and green.

这首诗献给伟大欧文的子孙

总要教训一下傲慢的英国人

他们将会扯下红白蓝的旗帜,

高高彰显红白绿的精神。

There are many more names to remember

And some that will never be known

Who were loyal to Wales and the gwerin

And defend all the might of the throne.

还有更多英名需要牢记

还有无名英雄永远不为人知

他们都忠诚于威尔士的土地与人民

捍卫王座尊严不容辱欺。

So here's to the sons of the gwerin

Who care not for the prince or for queen,

Who'll haul down the red, white and blue, lads,

And hoist up the red, white and green!

这首诗献给威尔士人民的子孙

什么女王亲王对于他们都不值分文,

他们将会扯下红白蓝的旗帜,

高高彰显红白绿的精神!

苏格兰躲过了席卷北爱的流血冲突,还经历了比威尔士更加彻底的文化革命。但是在二十世纪后半期,这一地区在联合王国内部的处境也越来越不舒服了。先前我们已经见过了两位杰出的二十世纪苏格兰诗人,一位是热切的民族主义者兼马克思主义者休.麦克迪尔米德,另一位是温和的埃德温.缪亚。在二战一章我们见过了了不起的罗伯特.加里奥赫,当时爱丁堡最杰出的诗人之一。许多在五六十年代崭露头角的苏格兰文化名人都曾经是战争诗人,要么亲身服役,要么在后方观察。战争固然非常可怕,但却也迫使许多苏格兰人离开了家乡,不得不采取前所未有的视角来观察欧洲以及更广大的世界。

西德尼.古德塞.史密斯是这一时期苏格兰诗坛最为丰富多彩的人物之一。他惯于举办聚会,他在爱丁堡的公寓每到夜里总会挤满痛饮威士忌且争论不休的诗人们。他本人以苏格兰方言创作的诗歌也别具一格。尽管史密斯生在新西兰,但是论及在苏格兰诗歌传统当中的浸淫程度,除了麦克迪尔米德之外恐怕再没有第二个人能与他相提并论。我们先前已经见识过了这一传统的由来,从古代的邓巴与亨利森,再到后来的弗格森与彭斯。但是史密斯——他的父亲是一位法医学教授,他本人也曾是医学生——尤其喜欢文字游戏与现代主义实验性诗歌,而现代派也经常将他与詹姆斯.乔伊斯以及迪兰.托马斯拿来比较。在创作生涯相对晚期的1965年——他于1975年去世,享年五十八岁——他以爱丁堡为题创作了一首政治诗歌,当时这座城市里还没有任何地方议会或者立法会。这首长诗名叫《慈悲凯蒂之国》(Kynd Kittock’s Land)。这首诗描写的正是我们时而能在威尔士发现的自我憎恶与文化不安全感:

This rortie wretched city

Sair come doun frae its auld hiechts

The hauf o't smug, complacent,

Lost til all pride of race or spirit,

The tither wild and rouch as ever

In its secret hairt

But lost alsweill, the smeddum tane,

The man o'independent mind has cap in hand the day

Sits on its craggy spine

And drees the wind and rain

That nourished all its genius

Weary wi centuries

This empty capital snorts like a great beast

Caged in its sleep, dreaming of freedom

But with nae belief,

Indulging an auld ritual

Whase meaning's been forgot owre lang,

A mere habit of words - when the drink's in -

And signifying naething.

这座腐烂而扭曲的城市

失去了古代的重要地位

自以为是,自得自满的那一半城市

丧失了一切关于种族或者精神的骄傲

另一半在它的秘密之心里

还像过去一样狂野

但却丧失了所有的勇气

思想独立的人在白天只得以乞讨为生

坐在这座城市的嶙峋脊椎上

忍受着一贯滋养城中天才的

风吹雨打

千百年的负累

空洞的首都像巨兽一般打鼾

关在昏睡的囚笼里,梦想着自由

但是却毫无信仰

痴迷于许久之前

意义就被忘却的古老仪式

仅仅惯于玩弄词藻——当酒水端上时——

但却一无所指

This rortie wretched city

Built on history

Built of history

Born of feud and enmity

Suckled on bluid and treachery

Its lullabies the clash of steel

And shouted slogan, sits here in her lichtit cage,

A beast wi the soul o' an auld wrukled whure ...

这座腐烂而扭曲的城市

以历史为地基

以历史为建材

生于仇恨与敌意

吮吸鲜血与奸计

它的摇篮曲是白刃相交

与狂呼口号的声音,蹲坐在她那点亮的笼中

的一头野兽,灵魂好似满脸皱纹的积年老妓……

这里节选的是全诗开篇。这首诗很值得一读,有兴趣的读者可以自己去检索一下。全诗整体上洋溢着温暖与活力,但是开篇这段针对现代苏格兰的痛斥其实反映了这一时期在苏格兰政治与文化领域常见的绝望情绪。来自邓巴顿郡的莫里斯.林赛用惯于用英文写诗,文笔更加通俗上口,而且也很仰慕古德塞.史密斯:

Dear Goodsir Smith, who sang of drink and women,

a connoisseur of laughter, wit and art;

of Scotland's writers warmly the most human,

moneyed and monocled to play the part...

亲爱的古德塞.史密斯,最爱歌颂美酒佳人

擅长鉴赏欢笑、艺术与机智

苏格兰作家当中就属他最温暖可人,

用钞票与单片眼镜武装起来,演好这出戏……

这段献词取自林赛的《捕风网》(A Net to Catch the Winds)。这是一首自传体诗歌(文风颇似约翰.贝杰曼),回顾了自己从小学音乐、成人之后从事记者与电视行业的经历。他在诗中也抱怨了苏格兰的战后地位:

A shadow that has lost its substance, feeling

as well supported as a verbless clause,

the Scottish spirit's been too long congealing

in banknotes, sour religion and thinned laws,

while roundabout, the busy world is dealing

in purposes that were a living cause.

Though Scots pretend they long for devolution,

they vote unchanged the London Constitution.

一道失去本体的阴影,感觉

脚下虚空,就好比没有动词的从句,

苏格兰的精神太久之前已经凝结

成为了钞票、酸涩的宗教与兑了水的法律,

此时在身边,忙碌的世界正在解决

各种问题,全都有现实意义。

尽管苏格兰人假装他们想要地方自治,

却依然投票主张不要改动伦敦宪法体制。

That frees them from the burden of decision,

allowing them complain when things go wrong ...

免得他们要操心费力自己做主

出了岔子还可以理直气壮地诉苦……

... One must stay positive, though Scotland's slipping

beyond retrieval to provincial status;

for what will not return it's no use weeping.

Mankind's long march goes on. It should elate us

that slowly fairer values are out stripping

those with which privilege could still negate us

if democratic rule became dictation,

to tyrants' or Trade Unions' subjugation.

……人们必须保持积极心态,尽管苏格兰正在失足坠地

沦为区区一介行省,将无法挽回的底线冲破

再也无法复原,但是流泪依然毫无意义

人类的长征还在行进,我们应当精神振作,

因为更加公平的价值总会逐渐发力

将特权阶层依然拿来否定我们的规矩埋没,

民主规则本应一言九鼎

压倒暴君或者行业工会的权柄。

It was, perhaps, as wild a piece of dreaming

to visualise of virile Scotland, free

to make its choices, as the thought that scheming

among the globe-trotting statesmen could decree

a peaceful balance for the world's redeeming,

the universal, equal vis-a-vis.

Since history is the sum of spent confusion,

all human life must end in disillusion.

或许,这样的前景无非是荒唐梦幻

去设想苏格兰也能生机勃发,

自由地决策选择,更有那满脑筹算

走遍全球各地的政治家

宣布和平的平衡,补救世界的纷乱

普世平等,再不分你我他。

不过既然历史就是一堆激情过后的乱七八糟,

所有人到头来都必然万念俱灰将残生报销。

林赛还写过另一首更精炼的诗,写诗的由头是1978年苏格兰地方放权公投。苏格兰选民以微弱优势支持建立地方放权立法会——但是优势实在太微弱,以至于立法会终究没能成真。当时苏格兰有一家著名喜剧剧场名叫“苏个啥”(Scotland the What?),诗人将其作为了本诗标题。这首诗表明对于苏格兰在联合王国内部地位的忧虑不仅局限于左派:

Is Scotland a nation, or not?

Is a question that troubles the Scot,

since our banknote and laws,

our religion and tawse

don't add up to self-confident thought.

苏格兰算不算国家?是或不是?

这个问题让苏格兰人满心挂记,

我们的法律与钞票,

我们的皮条鞭与宗教*1

都撑不起国民自信的昂扬气质。

*1【tawse是苏格兰学校用来惩戒学生的教具,由二三股平行厚皮条组成。】

Where's the What for which Scots keep on yearning?

We strike when we ought to be earning;

An Assembly! we shout

then vote the thing out

and get back to the business of girning.

苏格兰人渴求的那什么究竟在何处隐藏?

本应赚钱的时候我们却为了罢工而奔忙;

要成立立法会!我们大呼小叫

要解决问题,我们要投票!

然后继续唧唧歪歪,这才是我们的本行。

Yet no matter how deeply one delves

through what history is stocked on our shelves,

at least we still joke

of the pig in the poke

we buy when we treat with ourselves.

但是无论多么埋头深入

钻研架子上成堆的历史记录,

至少我们还能一笑而过

买了头瘟猪事先没验货

我们买下来款待自己填饱肚腹。【感谢atr网友的指正】

埃德温.摩根是一位更有料的诗人,也是苏格兰文学复兴的主角之一。他于1920年生于格拉斯哥并于1999年成为该市首位桂冠诗人,五年后又获得了苏格兰玛卡的殊荣(相当于苏格兰桂冠诗人)。摩根是一位拒服兵役者,二战期间加入了皇家陆军医疗队。此外他还是一位男同,领教过同性恋在苏格兰的艰难生活。摩根起初被人们与六十年代的激进表演派诗歌与实验诗歌联系在一起,然后他又创作了一大批政治诗歌,并且在苏格兰体制转型与地方放权的十几年间成为了影响力极大的公众人物。例如下面这首《硬币》(The Coin)源自他的组诗《苏格兰的十四行诗》(Sonnets for Scotland),幻想了一套截然不同的架空历史:

We brushed the dirt off, held it to the light.

The obverse showed us Scotland, and the head

of a red deer; the antler-glint had fled

but the fine cut could still be felt. All right:

we turned it over, read easily One Pound,

but then the shock of Latin, like a gloss,

Respublica Scotorum, sent across

such ages as we guessed but never found

at the worn edge where once the date had been

and where as many fingers had gripped hard

as hopes their silent race had lost or gained.

The marshy scurf crept up to our machine,

sucked at our boots. Yet nothing seemed ill-starred.

And least of all the realm the coin contained.

我们拂去尘土,将其拿到亮处观看。

正面是苏格兰地图与一个马鹿脑袋,

鹿角黯淡,昔日的光泽已经不再,

可是触摸之下依然能感到雕工精湛。

我们将其翻过来,“一镑”字样清晰镌刻,

但是下面还有一行拉丁文,就像注释,

“苏格兰共和国”,这行小字

指明了古老时代,尽管我们一直猜测,

却无法在其边缘找到铸造日期,早已磨损隐去,

曾经有多少手指用力将其摩挲成这般模样,

铸币的沉默民族多少次丧失或重拾希望。

湿软的碎屑潜入了我们的机器,

塞在我们的靴底。但是似乎一切都未遭到厄运拖累,

尤其是在这枚硬币包含的疆域之内。

摩根的大部分诗作其实玩心很重且富有实验性质,从科幻小说与音效当中汲取了大量灵感。除了宪政问题之外,他还借助诗歌发表过很多关于二十世纪苏格兰重大社会变迁的看法。体现前者的范例是他的早期诗作《尼斯湖水怪之歌》(The Loch Ness Monster's Song),欢迎各位读者大声朗读:

Sssnnnwhuffffll?

Hnwhuffl hhnnwfl hnfl hfl?

Gdroblboblhobngbl gbl gl g g g g glbgl.

Drublhaflablhaflubhafgabhaflhafl fl fl –

gm grawwwww grf grawf awfgm graw gm.

Hovoplodok – doplodovok – plovodokot-doplodokosh?

Splgraw fok fok splgrafhatchgabrlgabrl fok splfok!

Zgra kra gka fok!

Grof grawff gahf?

Gombl mbl bl –

blm plm,

blm plm,

blm plm,

blp.

嘶嘶嘶嗯嗯嗯喔呜呋呋呋否?

哼沃呜呋呋否?呵呵嗯嗯喔呋 哼夫 哼否?

嗝嘚咯卟嘞呋啵嘞嚯嘣啵嘞 嗝啵嘞 嗝嘞 嗝 嗝 嗝 嗝 嗝嘞啵嗝嘞

嘚噜啵嘞哈呋啦啵嘞哈弗噜卟哈呋嘎卟哈呋嘞哈呋嘞 呋嘞 呋嘞——

咯姆 嗝啰喔喔喔 嗝如呋 嗝啰呜呋 嗷呋嗝姆 嗝啰喔 咯姆。

嚯喔噗啰哆咳——哆噗啰哆呋咳——噗啰呋哆咳特——哆噗啰哆咳什?

咝噗嘞嗝啰 呋咳 呋咳 咝噗嘞咯啦呋嗨哧嘎卟嘞嘎卟嘞 呋咳 咝噗嘞呋咳!

滋咯啦 咳咯啦 嗝咳啦 呋咳!

嗝啰呋 格唠呋呋 嘎呵呋?

咯姆卟嘞 哞卟嘞 卟嘞——

卟嘞姆 噗嘞姆

卟嘞姆 噗嘞姆

卟嘞姆 噗嘞姆

卟嘞噗

摩根与本章提到的其他苏格兰诗人的最大不同在于他是一位骄傲的格拉斯哥人,扎根在苏格兰西部工业区。他的许多诗歌都反映了格拉斯哥的去工业化衰退与革命狂热,诗文既紧绷又严肃。请看《克莱德格勒》(Clydegrad)

It was so fine we lingered there for hours.

The long broad streets shone strongly after rain.

Sunset blinded the tremble of the crane

we watched from, dazed the heliport-towers.

The mile-high buildings flashed, flushed, greyed, went dark,

greyed, flushed, flashed, chameleons under flak

of cloud and sun. The last far thunder-sack

ripped and spilled its grumble. Ziggurat-stark,

a power-house reflected in the lead

of the old twilight river leapt alive

lit up at every window, and a boat

of students rowed past, slid from black to red

into the blaze. But where will they arrive

with all, boat, city, earth, like them, afloat?

这里风景多美,我们一连几个小时在此逗留

漫长宽阔的石板路在雨后反射夺目光芒

我们在颤动的起重机上观看灿烂夕阳

刺得人睁不开眼,映照着直升机场的塔楼。

通天高楼熠熠生辉,满脸通红,然后变成灰色,黯淡下去,

然后变成灰色,满脸通红,熠熠生辉,好似变色龙

在云层与日光的轰击下变幻。远方还有雷云黑浓

绽裂洒下满腹震耳巨响。如同塔庙一般矗立

的发电站,倒映在古老暮光河流

的铅质河面,每一扇窗都点亮了灯

陡然焕发了活力,还有若干学生

刚刚划着小舟经过,从黑色向红色巡游,

驶入灼灼余晖。但是他们要往何处去,

倘若一切都漂浮,小舟,城市,土地?【感谢atr网友的指正】

苏格兰本土自治与民族主义政治近年来已经成为了争议频发的高压话题,因此笔者实在忍不住将下面这首诗收录进来。2004年10月9日,新建的苏格兰议会大楼正式投入使用,埃德温.摩根为此献上了一首昂扬乐观的诗作。这座建筑造型前卫,成本高昂,争议缠身。摩根的诗歌一方面颂扬了民主及其潜力,同时又严厉地喝令新一代苏格兰政客们要敢想敢干。笔者认为这首诗已经达到了公共诗歌所能达到的最高水准:

Open the doors! Light of the day, shine in; light of the mind, shine out!

We have a building which is more than a building.

There is a commerce between inner and outer, between brightness and shadow, between the world and those who think about the world.

Is it not a mystery? The parts cohere, they come together like petals of a flower, yet they also send their tongues outward to feel and taste the teeming earth.

Did you want classic columns and predictable pediments? A growl of old Gothic grandeur? A bissily boring box?

Not here, no thanks! No icon, no IKEA, no iceberg, but curves and caverns, nooks and niches, huddles and heavens, syncopations and surprises. Leave symmetry to the cemetery.

But bring together slate and stainless steel, black granite and grey granite, seasoned oak and sycamore, concrete blond and smooth as silk - the mix is almost alive - it breathes and beckons - imperial marble it is not!

开门!白昼之光,照耀进来;心灵之光,照射出去!

我们有了一座不只是建筑的建筑。

内在与外在,光明与阴影,世界与那些思考世界的人,在这里互通有无。

这难道不是谜题?各个部分凝聚成一体,它们像花瓣一样聚在一起,但它们也会向外伸出舌头去感受与品尝盛开的大地。

你想要古典风格的立柱与不出所料的山形墙?想听古老哥特式宏伟建筑的咆哮?想看一个乏味得有些幸福的盒子?

这里可没有这种东西,不,谢谢!没有圣像,没有宜家,没有冰山,只有曲线和洞穴,角落和缝隙,人堆和天堂,切分和惊喜。对称就留给墓地吧。

但是要将板岩和不锈钢,黑色花岗岩和灰色花岗岩,风干的橡木和梧桐木,以及金黄且丝绸般光滑的混凝土结合在一起——这一组合几乎充满活力——它会呼吸会召唤——帝国气派的大理石却不行!

Come down the Mile, into the heart of the city, past the kirk of St Giles and the closes and wynds of the noted ghosts of history who drank their claret and fell down the steep tenement stairs into the arms of link-boys but who wrote and talked the starry Enlightenment of their days-

And before them the auld makars who tickled a Scottish king's ear with melody

and ribaldry and frank advice -

And when you are there, down there, in the midst of things, not set upon an hill with your nose in the air,This is where you know your parliament should be

And this is where it is, just here.

沿着皇家英里走进城市中心,越过圣贾尔斯大教堂以及周边属地还有历史上著名的鬼魂一边痛饮干红一边从陡峭楼梯上摔下来掉进举灯男孩的怀里但是他们的笔下与口中也总会谈起他们那时候群星璀璨的启蒙运动——*1

在他们之前还有古代诗人用婉转旋律诙谐幽默与忠言直谏挑动苏格兰国王的耳朵——

当你来到那里,到了那里,到了这一切当中,不要坐在山顶仰面望天,你知道你的议会就该在这里

而这就是所在地,就在这里。

*1【link-boy既在夜晚的人行道上举火把提供有偿探路服务的男孩。】

What do the people want of the place? They want it to be filled with thinking persons as open and adventurous as its architecture.

A nest of fearties is what they do not want.

A symposium of procrastinators is what they do not want.

A phalanx of forelock-tuggers is what they do not want.

And perhaps above all the droopy mantra of'it wizny me'is what they do not want.

Dear friends, dear lawgivers, dear parliamentarians, you are picking up a thread of pride and self esteem that has been almost but not quite, oh no not quite, not ever broken or forgotten.

When you convene you will be reconvening, with a sense of not wholly the power, not yet wholly the power, but a good sense of what was once in the honour of your grasp.

All right. Forget, or don't forget, the past. Trumpets and robes are fine, but in the present and the future you will need something more.

What is it? We, the people, cannot tell you yet, but you will know about it when we do tell you.

We give you our consent to govern, don't pocket it and ride away.

We give you our deepest dearest wish to govern well, don't say we have no mandate to be bold.

We give you this great building, don't let your work and hope be other than great when you enter and begin.

So now begin. Open the doors and begin.

人们对于此地有何期待?他们希望它充满像建筑本身一样开放且开拓的勤于思考之人。

他们不想让它沦为恐惧的巢穴。

他们不要拖延症患者们连篇累牍的讨论会。

他们不要一帮牵着不走打着倒退的懒汉组成方阵。

也许最重要的是,他们不要“不是我干的”这句打蔫的咒语。

亲爱的朋友们,亲爱的立法者,亲爱的议员们,你们正在拾起一根骄傲与自尊的丝线。这根线几乎就要——但却从未——啊不,一直从未断绝或者遭到遗忘。

当你召集会议时将会重新汲取,并非感到完全的力量,尚且还不是完全的力量,但确实能感到你的掌握曾经攥住了怎样的荣光。

好吧。忘记或者不要忘记过去都好。号角和长袍固然不错,但在现在与将来你都还需要更多。

你需要什么?我们,身为人民,眼下还无法告诉你,但当我们确实告诉你的时候你肯定会知道。

我们同意你治理,不要公器私用任意妄为。

我们给予你最诚挚的愿望,祝你施政良好,不要推脱说“我们没有得到大胆施为的授权”。

我们给你这座伟大的建筑,当你进门开工时一定要让你的希望与工作对得起伟大二字。

现在开始吧。打开房门开始工作。

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