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主题:【原创】围绕脑科学而发生的若干玄想 -- 鸿乾

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    • 家园 新闻:IBM发布第二代类脑计算芯片

      IBM's TrueNorth processor mimics the human brain 外链出处

      去年我在这里给过他们的这个芯片的第一代的视频:链接出处

      极低的耗能是这个芯片的关键。我猜想,他们的这个芯片的时钟频率不高,可能在每秒几百。但是,因为是类脑计算,每一个时钟频率,可以做很多“识别”上的事情,这些事情,如果让现有的软硬件来做,就需要上百亿的芯片周期来做,因此极端耗能。

      如果这个东西成型,现有的计算模式很多都需要改变。

    • 家园 推荐:创造性大脑的秘密

      Secrets of the Creative Brain: 外链出处

      还有PBS的视频: 外链出处

      这是最近的大西洋杂志的文章。颇长。值得读读。

      简单评论几点:

      1. 那个图,就是创造性大脑和平常大脑的比较,令人震撼。现在的确有人找到了“具有创造性”的物理证据。注意,是物理证据。就是说,具备创造性,其实就是大脑硬件/软件有所特殊,使得这些大脑的图样识别器更敏锐,更发达。我想,这个认识,对于教育学一定会产生重大影响。

      2. 看这段话:

      Having too many ideas can be dangerous. Part of what comes with seeing connections no one else sees is that not all of these connections actually exist.
      可以说,有所得必然有所失。得到创造性的同时,也就是提高了自己产生精神性疾病的机会,反之也如此。

      3. 不过,我相信,当脑科学发达后,特别是机械学习机器大量运用的时候,人其实可以把那些图样识别器交给机器来做。

      4. 具备自学能力和自学经验,是极端重要的。我想,这个认识也将对教育学产生重大影响。

      5. 文章中的评论:

      In the R&D business, we kind of lump people into two categories: inventors and engineers. The inventor is the kite kind of person. They have a zillion ideas and they come up with great first prototypes. But generally an inventor … is not a tidy person. He sees the big picture and … [is] constantly lashing something together that doesn’t really work. And then the engineers are the strings, the craftsmen [who pick out a good idea] and make it really practical. So, one is about a good idea, the other is about … making it practical.
      也很有意思。我想,如何把这两种人都教育出来,集合起来,组织起来,运行起来,就是创造性社会能够做得好的,而其他的社会做不好的。


      本帖一共被 1 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)
    • 家园 一个有趣的,和我们的话题有些关系的河内的老帖

      我今天看到河里的这个帖子:

      链接出处

      感到有些意思,大家也都可以看看。说几点:

      1. 这个虽然是商业动机的视频,大家还是可以看看,了解一下。

      2. 是否有对左脑和右脑有研究的朋友?请给我们多做一些比较深入的介绍。

      3. 这个生意我自己感到是以后的很多生意的雏形。运用最新的脑科学,来编成若干可以影响脑发育的教程,进而影响各种学习的教程,是一个方向,有很多潜力。这个里面肯定有很多花头和虚浮的东西,而且也是一个逐渐实验的长期过程。但是,肯定有人搞,也值得搞。

      4. 那个让小孩猜测图片的游戏,我想基本上就是训练小孩察言观色的能力的游戏。

      5. 那个小孩可以记住很多词语,简直就是把人脑当作数据库来做,也反映了很多人脑记忆的特征。是否这个东西对小孩的智力有帮助,他们说有,我不知道,也不相信,但是也没有理由否定。但是,这个事情,的确反映了人脑记忆的很多特征。

      6. 其实,我想,这样的教程,也不一定仅用于认知能力这样的智力开发,也可以用于体能,技能等的开发,例如运动得很好,打球很好,滑雪很好等等。

    • 家园 到2045年最聪明的种族不再是人类

      《人工智能革命》一书的作者Louis Del Monte谈论了人工智能和奇点,估计了机器智能超越人类智能的时间。他认为到2045年最聪明的种族不再会是人类。在后奇点世界的早期阶段,机器会寻求将人类变成半机械人(cyborgs)。他预言,到本世纪末,绝大部分人类将会变成半机械人。变成半机械人的诱人之处是会不朽。机器将会在医疗技术上取得突破,人类将会有更多的休闲时间,生活比以往任何时候都美好。但一个问题是,机器会将人类视为不可预测且危险的物种。Del Monte认为,机器将会产生自我意识,有能力保护自己。它们对人类的看法可能会和人类看待有害昆虫一样。人类是一个不稳定的、会创造战争、拥有能毁灭世界两次以上的武器、会编写计算机病毒的物种。机器几乎不可能会将人类视为一个富有魅力的室友。

      • 家园 人类 聪明 VS AI: self-aware

        1.

        self-aware: an important concept, thanks, and I read his blog a little bit.

        penrose and Louis Del Monte, and others all talked about "self-aware" aspect of 人类 "聪明" vs AI.

        in analogy, "self-aware" and "self-correction" of 人类 "聪明" vs AI Robot is like 高阶 logic system vs 低阶logic system;

        although there are many 高阶 logic system in terms of math, fundamentally "a 高阶 logic system" is a physics challenge:

        can an human made physics system know how to survive a 高阶 disturbance, and where is the border of that 高阶 disturbance, in terms of system's survival?

        or in terms of 相变, can a physics system know which 相 to jump into, if it has to 革自己的命 (almost like TGchina, relevant(:)?)

        obviously, we are getting into quantum physics, etc.

        quantum physics "bottle neck": 纳米材料 etc breakthrough, very hard; otherwise, 宏观量子效应, quantum computer etc=theoretical concepts;

        before that "break through", now AI is doing "self-aware" "self correction" in "math" software, basically monte carlo simulation/big data, still a huge potential: we barely started.

        2.

        so far, I have not seen any areas where it does not make sense at all, in terms of borrowing some physics ALGO to help figuring out the game;

        those borrowed physics ALGOs all run "under the hook", much like a software engineer does not have to learn quantum physics to understand how a semi conductor becomes a computer hardware

      • 家园 "self-aware" robot: 具体行业, 已经

        已经成建制.

        1.

        human brain is "too hot"

        actually, Penrose talked about the disadvantage of human brain as a quantum computer model: it often goes too hot.

        Pensose's some books are all translated into Chinese. He has ground breaking work in 准晶体 area.

        准晶体- 维基百科,自由的百科全书

        zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/准晶体

        轉為繁體網頁

        但是直到快20年后这种理论上的结构才和准晶的研究联系起来。自然界中非周期 ... 一种典型的準晶体结构是三维空间的彭罗斯拼图(Penrose)。二维空间的彭罗斯

        and I talked about that too.

        "熱輻射"對大腦的"傷害" [ 晓兵

        2.

        in many 具体行业, "self-aware" robots are already replacing human beings as "employees".

        it is not only about "cost": "self-aware" robots do not have"大腦 too 熱" issue, and can work a lot of better.

        减法 operation, a brand new challenge to global capitalism.

        3.

        fundamentally, to make "2045年最聪明的种族不再会是人类":

        that is a challenge to quantum physics, at 分子 first, many bio 分子 are not even 准晶体, very hard for physics.

        in that sense, 基因食物 does not have real physics support, still a largely 唯象理论;

        唯象理论 often are more profitable, 水至清则无鱼, politics is the worst 唯象理论, but is most profitable in Tgchina, but that is a 内战内行 外战外行 model, not going to work internationally.

        US 包圍 tgchina: more of 物理学 now

        ------------

        http://www.louisdelmonte.com/will-strong-artificially-intelligent-machines-become-self-conscious-part-22-conclusion/

        Part 1 of this post ended with an important question: “How can we determine whether an intelligent machine has become conscious (self-aware)?” We will address this question in this post, along with some ethical dilemmas.

        We do not have a way yet to determine whether even another human is self-aware. I only know that I am self-aware. I assume that since we share the same physiology, including similar human brains, you are probably self-aware as well. However, even if we discuss various topics, and I conclude that your intelligence is equal to mine, I still cannot prove you are self-aware. Only you know whether you are self-aware.

        The problem becomes even more difficult when dealing with an intelligent machine. The gold standard for an intelligent machine’s being equal to the human mind is the Turing test, which I discuss in chapter 5 of my book, The Artificial Intelligence Revolution. (If you are not familiar with the Turing test, a simple Google search will provide numerous sources to learn about it.) As of today no intelligent machine can pass the Turing test unless its interactions are restricted to a specific topic, such as chess. However, even if an intelligent machine does pass the Turing test and exhibits strong AI, how can we be sure it is self-aware? Intelligence may be a necessary condition for self-awareness, but it may not be sufficient. The machine may be able to emulate consciousness to the point that we conclude it must be self-aware, but that does not equal proof.

        Even though other tests, such as the ConsScale test, have been proposed to determine machine consciousness, we still come up short. The ConsScale test evaluates the presence of features inspired by biological systems, such as social behavior. It also measures the cognitive development of an intelligent machine. This is based on the assumption that intelligence and consciousness are strongly related. The community of AI researchers, however, does not universally accept the ConsScale test as proof of consciousness. In the final analysis, I believe most AI researchers agree on only two points:

        1.There is no widely accepted empirical definition of consciousness (self-awareness).

        2.A test to determine the presence of consciousness (self-awareness) may be impossible, even if the subject being tested is a human being.

        The above two points, however, do not rule out the possibility of intelligent machines becoming conscious and self-aware. They merely make the point that it will be extremely difficult to prove consciousness and self-awareness.

        Ray Kurzweil predicts that by 2029 reverse engineering of the human brain will be completed, and nonbiological intelligence will combine the subtlety and pattern-recognition strength of human intelligence with the speed, memory, and knowledge sharing of machine intelligence (The Age of Spiritual Machines, 1999). I interpret this to mean that all aspects of the human brain will be replicated in an intelligent machine, including artificial consciousness. At this point intelligent machines either will become self-aware or emulate self-awareness to the point that they are indistinguishable from their human counterparts.

        Self-aware intelligent machines being equivalent to human minds presents humankind with two serious ethical dilemmas.

        1.Should self-aware machines be considered a new life-form?

        2.Should self-aware machines have “machine rights” similar to human rights?

        Since a self-aware intelligent machine that is equivalent to a human mind is still a theoretical subject, the ethics addressing the above two questions have not been discussed or developed to any great extent. Kurzweil, however, predicts that self-aware intelligent machines on par with or exceeding the human mind eventually will obtain legal rights by the end of the twenty-first century. Perhaps, he is correct, but I think we need to be extremely careful regarding what legal rights self-aware intelligent machines are granted. If they are given rights on par with humans, we may have situation where the machines become the dominant species on this planet and pose a potential threat to humankind. More about this in upcoming posts.

        • 家园 It's been a long time

          Do you have to always relate this to something irrelavent, such as politics?

          • 家园 all ALGOs have to make $

            1.

            I care about TG the most, because TG is potentially the biggest game changer to this US led game;

            if all potential game changers are neutralized, then the systematic risk is reduced significantly;

            US led 2008 global financial crisis: part of reasons, globalization of capitalism, china's rise and its huge impact on the system, etc.

            now the system is somehow adjusted itself to the huge disruption caused by Tgchina as a huge new elephant in the otherwise already crowded house, and this USA managed house has largely stabilized, although at one point it almost falls apart in 2008.

            that is the #1 reason behind the current US bull market: tgchina's disruption to the system has been digested fairly well overall, and as a result, largely priced in by financial market.

            kind of why Tgchina's economic mess does not really bother global capital market, the way EU did.

            the global capital market kind of has come to a fairly good understanding of Tgchina as an significant player in today's world.

            2.

            but now we have a new evil, this "self-aware" robot army, partially because of that, low "labor participation rate" and "low wage growth rate" in US, still bothering US Fed big times.

            then what the heck that has to do with tgchina?

            it is all relative in today's global market: if Tgchina suffers more, USA will suffer less, the so called the "lessor of the two evils", then this on-going US bull market will be ok, in the sense that there is not so much systematic risks going on, vs 2008-2010

            then you buy the big dip when it comes, with little risk of getting a falling knife coming onto your head.

            in that sense, "all ALGOs have to make $" in almost everything I comment about, or I would not care about it.

            3.

            各取所需

            because of my native language is Chinese, I found it extremely helpful with some posts, many of them I have quoted many times, helpful in the following sense:

            for example, I am supposed to be a fiancé guy, but a few posts here in this forum articulated finance theory's ALGOs much better than I could, and similarly with many other social science ALGOs;

            as said, "white" social science ALGOs are hard, if not articulated well and it is in English, it is even harder.

            but as said in "刘亚洲:"改變國際舊秩序的,不是蘇聯.而是美國", 刘 talked so well in our mainlander's language, concept and model;

            similarly, many posts here really get me "clicked" on some white's religion and other social sciences.

            4.

            and why do I bother myself with those things?

            white often thinks with same ALGO, across many areas, physics, finance, religion, etc.

            if I want to model white's financial market, I have to learn about those other white's ALGO as mentioned in the above;

            5.

            then why do I care about all these Chinese stuff?

            other than the reasons as said in the above, comparative modeling of white vs Chinese ALGO really helps me in understanding human mind ALGO in general, then it would be more physics ALGO like, (physics laws are independent of the coordinate system one picks)

            I wish I could type fast enough in Chinese and write "less strange", then I would get a lot of feed back and discussions, then I would have come across even more "mind-blowing" posts, so I can understand "white evils" much better, particularly the white's finance game, the only thing I really care about, in a way.

            before that, there would be almost no readership of my strange posts in English, with a lot of physics jargons.

            6.

            still, I will say it again and in a general sense: have your kids start on physics and English, regardless of what they do when grown up.

            social science is getting "normalized" by physics ALGO, piece by piece, but it is getting there, and as a result, social science jobs will be becoming more and more physics jobs, kind of.

            basically, it is the same ALGO runninbg: if social science BS cannot help system make $, it will be hit by system's 减法 operation, one way or another. kind of why I don't bother with me with most posts here in this forum, except for a very few areas.

            kind of another "weak area" of Tgchina's system, vs USA, who imports a lot of physics brains from abroad, while more and more white kids become white trash.

            7.

            an example:

            white's religion ALGO

            1511, 領悟“神的義”與“人的信”, 馬丁·路德: it is a paradigm change or ALGO change if you will, and

            "诸神的黄昏": 资本把人类卷入社会化大生产 , my that post quoted and it was totally inspired by the following one;

            http://www.ccthere.com/article/4018881

            如果跳出中国,远离政府看历史的话 [ 喝点红茶上会网 ] 于:2014-06-08 21:41:26 复:4018800

            that new white religion ALGO basically neutralized religion as a "social science disruptor" to the emerging industrial capitalism in Europe, a new 生产关系 for white's world;

            It tells all kind of religion 政治局常委: get out of way of industrial capitalism, do whatever the heck of god stuff in your private house, but never attempt to make it to the state level or social level: we are busy making machines, cars, etc, not the stupid 聖經.

            That 馬丁·路德 new religion ALGO was obviously a game changer, although it may not what he intended to do, it does not matter:

            system ALGO will do whatever it needs to do, killing or rewarding any individuals who happen to be "at the wrong place and wrong time", or those super lucky ones who got hit by money falling from the sky.

            the super power of system's ALGO.

            8.

            and now, industrial capitalism as a 生产关系 is being replaced by informational and/or ALGO capitalism as articulated by

            汉密尔顿ABC"講金融, "humanity 自身的知识和勇气" 的稀有性 (value) and pricing, a core ALGO of today's financial capitalism.

            9.

            now, Tgchina's #1 super ALGO, "毛林共识", its fundamental problem is: it is nothing but a huge collection of "outdated software": Chinese traditional ideology such as 刑不上大夫, Marxist "economics", and 列寧 "國家與革命", and perhaps, some chapters from WTO.

            knowing that super ALGO/TG 聖經 is already outdated, TG now tries to package it up with china dream, 中国文明 and other just last night invented whatever social science BS.

            10.

            at system level, I think TG knows about all these issues, and so does global capital market, and those super smart traders.

            how TGchina is going to evolve from here on? it could be anybody's guess, but as said, Tgchina's disruption to the uncle sam managed global capitalism HOUSE has largely topped out, with Tgchina as a systematic risk factor.

            and as said, for whatever reasons, tgchina is not likely to fall apart overnight, causing a global earth quake economically or financially.

            in that sense, whatever BS noise coming out of Tgchina, are not as loud as it used to be:

            BS=BS, period.

            TG knows that: Li went to London to bribe British.

            TG's asset "premium": out, now what discount you are going to use to price TG BS?

            11.

            obviously, to TGchina, those propaganda are part of their super "毛林共识" ALGO run:

            "熱輻射"對大腦的"傷害" 晓兵

            TG has to do that, just like TG has to build GFW.

            and as an individual, you do not want to be at "wrong place and wrong time" when TG's super ALGO is running wild, TG has to do whatever it has to do now, or Tgchina may have fallen apart yesterday.

            and again, have your kids started on physics and English, making better sense now?

            12.

            "self aware" and self correction: it is not about AI, it is about almost any systems.

            as said, "毛林共识" had worked out for many years for TG, until recently, that is why it is TG's super ALGO, everybody has to run it, it is in TG's gene.

            13.

            此一時彼一時, now "毛林共识" is outdated already, rotten out from inside.

            where is new software? everybody is running new software, where is your?

            14.

            the challenge.

            Is Tg "self-aware"? may be, at least some TG senior traders know what is going on;

            can TG "self-correct"?

            does TG have a system to mobilize the brain power of huge size at various level of Chinese society to figure out the path to "self-correct" etc?

            not really, if your "毛林共识" ALGOs keep putting some of those brains into jail, only because they dare to stick their necks out and speak out a different ALGO other than "毛林共识".

            and with GFW: even your smart brains are very likely day dreaming, anyway.

            15.

            TG as a system: "self aware", may be; "self-correction", very unlikely;

            TG system with "毛林共识" as its core ALGO =落后的生产关系, relatively to Uncle Sam's ALGO, period.

            and 落后=to be fxxed, one way or another, sooner or later.

            now, how do you place your trades?

            16.

            why do I care about this AI thing?

            there is ALGO, but no 没有阴谋论 in social system, fundamentally.

            as said, physics cannot even model a 基因 as a system of millions atoms working together, how anybody can possibly have a consistent 阴谋论 model for a social system?

            it is just impossible.

            because of all these, 生产关系 business is hugely profitable business, with a huge potential for arbitrage.

            and these AI and brain stuff help us to model human mind ALGO, particularly how human minds tend to work together.

            and human minds have been working together for millions years already, and that ALGO is still running, and it does not change much at all.

            相对论方程"一阶性".

            OMG, the great 愛因斯坦, although 洛侖茲和龐加萊 etc had put together some major pieces already for 狹義相對論.

            but, system's ALGO can't remember too many names, and 愛因斯坦 got picked for SR, GR and many many physics ALGOs. He is GOD. period.

            The system's ALGO is too busy with money making, 勞動生產率 etc, and everybody tries to guess that super ALGO's next step, then you ride it, making good money, and have fun.


            本帖一共被 1 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)
          • 家园 That's why I thought

            晓兵 is a robot!!

            Obviously, 晓兵 had denied that.

      • 家园 我看没有那么厉害

        分两个部分:一个部分是如何把某些智能的重要方面机械化,例如学习成了机械学习,或者机械辅助的学习,一个部分是动机,更重要的复制。前面的那个部分,是完全可能实现的。但是,后一个部分是不可能实现的。简单一句话,这个部分是若干亿年的进化的结果,任何所谓奇点或者机器,是不能在这一部分有所作为的。这位作者,不是深入研究前一部分,大概他也不具备研究前一部分的能力,就夸张后一部分来争取卖点。

        推荐大家看两个东西。

        1. 央视的成语大会的决赛:外链出处 大家可以看到联想,词语的变形,等等。这是很高的智力吧?

        2. 澳洲一家公司的网页:外链出处 大家可以看到自然语言的运算,例如:Apple 减去 Fruit 等于 Computer,也就是说联想,词语变形等高智力的东西,其实是可以机械计算的。就是说,完全可能几十年后,机器可以也来玩这个成语大会的游戏,而且远远超过人了。

        题外话,游戏中,中国男孩远差于中国女孩,就是说这类智力游戏中,男子完全不如女子。但是在现实生活中,是什么情况呢?这也是一个对我最前面的观点的支持。

    • 家园 玄想10:人是机器的认识之路和机器人的发展之路

      先来给个河里面的帖子的链接:

      Jason Silva:我们现在就是神 链接出处 很有意思的帖子。

      还有河友推荐的Tractography:

      外链出处

      笛卡尔说:人是机器。这是伟大的断言,猜想,预言。但是,在这之前的几千年中,这样的思想就已经不绝于缕。中国的文献中,从周穆王的偃师机器人,鲁班的木鸢,到诸葛亮的木牛流马,到魏国的马均的木偶戏人,一直就有机器人的记载。由此可见,中国古代就已经有了这样的思想,即人的很多方面可以用机器来取代。西方也是如此,因为机械的发达,看到人的很多方面可以用机器来取代,就自然而然。但是,能够把这种思想反过来,断言人其实不过是某种机器,就是非常伟大的断言,猜想,预言。好像中国没有人提出这个思想。西方在笛卡尔之前,也好像没有人提出过这个思想。

      不过再伟大的断言,猜想,预言,也仍然不是事实。要真正达成人是机器的完善认识,以及要制造出具备真正类似于人的能力的机器,还有非常远的路要走。从笛卡尔到现在,也四百多年了,已经走过了很长的路,但是,还有更多的路需要走。

      人是机器的完善认识,和制造出具备类似人的能力的机器,在我看来,其实是一个事情的两面,基本上可以混为一谈,就是说是一条路。可以非常简单回顾一下在这条路上的情况。

      先是机械的。从周朝一直到计算机发明,无论东西方,都是强调的人的肢体的机械的部分,从机器人这个词,就可以知道(如果大家有兴趣,可以查网,看robot这个词的来源)。而在这个方面,可以说,机器早就超越了人的能力了。

      对人的思想的方面,在古代几乎完全没有认识。但是,笛卡尔敢于断言人是机器,他应该是对人的思想的若干方面,做过思考的,而且他恐怕也对思想的若干方面做过深入思考,认为其实也不过是机械的。具体他是如何思考的,我不清楚,要请教这方面的方家。不知西西河有无这方面的专家?

      思想是很复杂的,有太多层次,太多方面。但是,仍然可以逐步和渐进处理。恐怕笛卡尔认为是机器的部分,就是执行形式逻辑的那个部分。这是我的猜测。还是要请这方面的专长来给大家讲讲。现在我们知道很清楚,思想中执行形式逻辑的那个部分,就是计算机做的事情。在图灵之前很久,就开始了计算机械化的努力。但是也一直没有抓住要领,直到图灵把机械计算的最本质的东西抓住。因此,人的思想的这个相当重要的方面,可以用机器来实现了,这就是计算机的发展。这个相当重要的方面就是,遵循一定规则,一定逻辑,按部就班执行的功能。计算机就是实现这个功能的机器。这样讲来,其实计算机这个名字并不好,应该叫做逻辑执行机,或者程序执行机,就很好了。

      图灵理论后,已经过去了80年,计算技术的超大范围的使用,也有了70年。可以说,人思想的这个方面,就是遵循一定规则,一定逻辑,按部就班执行的功能,已经被机器完全超越,机器可以远远做得比人好了。但是,机器仅可以执行程序,而人才可以制造程序。因此,目前的机器仅能做人的思想中的低层次的事情。

      那么,问题就自然出现了。下一步,应该如何发展机器,使之能做更高级一些的思想的事情?这就是我的题目“人是机器的认识之路和机器人的发展之路”想说的。这是有些预测未来的意思了。预测未来是很危险的活,最好不做,又不能不做,如果我们对未来有所期望的话。那么,我的预测就是,下一步,需要发展的,而且已经有能力发展的就是机械学习,或者学习机器。

      这是目前的热门课题和方向。但是也应该明确指出,现在的这个方向并没有突破性的进展,即类似于图灵的进展那样的突破性进展。不过,这个方向很热门,很有可能在不久的将来,就可能产生类似于图灵机的突破那样的突破,产生出通用的学习机器。很可能这样的突破不是由某个天才人物单独达成的,而是由一群人,在一段时间内达成的。但是,不管怎么说,可能几十年后,回顾起来,现在的状况可能就和20世纪初的情况差不多,那时大家都在寻找什么是机械计算(或者更准确讲,机械逻辑推理),但是大家都还不清楚这个东西究竟是什么。现在也如此,大家都在寻找机械学习,而且花了大力气,很多人在建造学习机器,但是,事实上,大家都不清楚究竟什么是机械学习,里面的基本规律是什么。

      不管谁来发明,谁来突破,我想,趋势应该清楚,那就是几十年后来回顾,可能这一关就已经过去了。那时,计算机已经可以通过学习输入数据,来实现自我的程序更新,甚至更进一步,可以从输入的各种数据中,建立起自己对外部世界的某种理解。注意,这里说的各种数据,并不仅是大数据这样的外部的很局限的数据,而是可以包括既往的书籍,既往的理论等层次更高级的知识。

      但是,即使是机器达到了这种程度,我还是要说,这离开“人是机器”还有很大的距离。我认为,人脑是一个超级复杂的东西,即使机器具备了很高的机械学习的能力,也还是仅在漫长的机器人的发展之路上前进了一大步,还有很多大步要走。

      现在可以玄想一下,在机器具备了很高的机械学习能力后,再下面的那一步是什么?我认为,恐怕应该是自我意识和动机。不过,现在说这个还太早。现在需要的是突破机械学习能力。

      又要出差了。回来后,再谈一些关于机械学习的具体的想法。

      这里要说点术语的事情。当思考问题的时候,先用英文的时候相当多。这是事实。我想到的是这个术语mechanical learning,要表达的意思就是一个很机械的系统,但是的确可以学习,可以完成学习任务。相对于以前,就是mechanical computing,和这里用的意思,是完全一样的。当然,这里的mechanical,并不是强调使用的机械机构,而是强调的是一个很机械的东西,不管这个东西是机械机构还是电子结构甚至于生物机构,总之是一个完全机械的东西。

      总之,现在已经很清楚,那就是一个完全机械的东西(不管是机械机构还是电子结构甚至于生物机体),完全可以具备学习能力。当然了,目前我们还没有能够把这个东西造出来。不过,离开造出来,并不远了,我完全相信,充分相信。

      另外,关于mechanical computing,可以看这个链接,很有意思: 外链出处 他把中国的算盘看作机械计算的最原始祖先。

      通宝推:mooncarxy,赵沐浴,

      本帖一共被 1 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)
      • 家园 推荐Hawkins的讲演

        在NICE的讲演: 外链出处

        NICE就是Neuro Inspired Computing Elements,从这个名字就可以看出名堂。

        请注意他的讲演的最前面的部分,和我上面所说的,非常一致。他讲的那个盖兹的故事也很有趣。

        机械学习是非常重要的发展方向了。但是究竟如何做呢?我们还不知道,至少是还没有合适的理论。

        • 家园 Hawkins:my code'll do "类比和联想

          this is a great one, thanks.

          I watched Hawkins presentation again, very interesting, keeping me coming back.

          1.

          first of all, you following piece is hitting the nature of 智能 right on the money:

          我的理解是这样的:类比和联想其实是神经系统自然的动作 [ 鸿乾 ]

          I want to copy it here, hoping not to bother admin.

          2.

          I watched Hawkins presentation again, he said he does not want a robot, or AI in general, he wants to replicate human cortex's 智能 in a software, and that software will be able to do a "类比和联想" automatically, and potentially in a hardware as well.

          he wants to develop a cortex based 智能 paradigm for the next generation of computing of next decade, like MSFT, GOOG kind of scale and impact.

          Hawkins wants something big;

          3.

          原手's "Moravec的悖论" actually already touched that critical difference between animals, human being' s computing power and the computing power of average "technician/computer/robots"

          obviously, humans (may be some animals) can do "类比和联想", but "technician /computer/robots" as we know today can't do it, although they can do many things much faster than human beings.

          obviously, Hawkins' code wants to cross that border, making his code as powerful as animal or human being's cortex, in terms of being able to 类比和联想"

          4.

          I have posted a few on the same subject, "类比和联想的神经基础", & "量子力学的心脏” 晓兵

          I also made some point on the following paper.

          "Paper也出来了,可以在这里看" [ Fuhrer ]

          http://www.alexwg.org/publications/PhysRevLett_110-168702.pdf

          Dr. Alexander Wissner-Gross

          http://www.alexwg.org/

          5.

          "类比和联想": if you cannot figure it out and do it, someone will make it, the "make or fail" gap here is basically information, and/or innovation.

          In the humanity's forever game of innovation (提高劳动生产率), most people will fall behind, they may never have a chance to learn and understand the name and nature of that game in the first place, all their lives, for whatever reasons.

          and consequently, money/capital will be taken away from those falling behind folks relentlessly, and transferred into the hands of innovators, that is basically

          modern capitalist "温水煮青蛙" 金融 model (理论 "理想"model) , under "华盛顿共识"生产关系.

          "自身的知识和勇气" 的稀有性 (value): "唯一能真正推动财富增长的,就是人类自身的知识和勇气"

          "汉密尔顿ABC"講金融 (3): "决战千里之外" [ 晓兵 ]

          6.

          the barrier between innovators and followers is more of "朗道势垒" in US and outside of china, and in china we have both "朗道势垒", and/or "毛林势垒" for you, baby, which one do you try to jump and cross? what is your talent? 朗道 type or 毛林 type?

          if you manage to cross that "朗道势垒" anywhere (including in china), you will be a capitalist innovator, and money (capital) will fall onto your head from sky;

          in china, if you manage to cross "毛林势垒", TG's 政治局 got a seat for you, better or worse?

          obviously, 林's model missed 势垒 between "毛and 林", big time, then he got eaten alive by Mao.

          So, right modeling is important(:).

          7.

          I have posted quite bit on Erik Verlinde's theory

          of gravity and entropy, which can also be viewed as an information theory or model.

          basically, using an analogy: critical information is in the system or global heatbath, it is not evenly distributed (general relativity theory, gravity), but it is there, and with Verlinde's gravity entropy model, you can kind of do some modeling or computing to look for that "critical information", and Dr. Alexander Wissner-Gross (Harvard physics PHD) AI model is a try in that direction.

          8.

          Hawkins wants to do it in his way, kind of a "quick and dirty" of software based replication of human cortex, typical silicon valley way of doing things.

          why not? he has made a lot of progresses, with many commercial apps already making money for his company.

          ----------

          鸿乾:

          我的理解是这样的:类比和联想其实是神经系统自然的动作

          而不是外部刻意追求的。

          具体怎么讲?首先从反面讲,即从现有的计算技术中的记忆存储和相应的功能讲。在现在的计算机中,你存一个图像就是一个图像,你取出来,还是那个图像,非常精确,如果有所误差,你就根本取不出来。而且这个图像的记忆和对这个图像的理解一点关系都没有,记忆是记忆,理解是理解,记忆是存储体中的,理解是存储外面的软件的运行的结果。因此,这个计算技术体系中,不可能产生类别和联系,即使有,也不是自然产生的,而是外部刻意追求而加进去的。扩大了讲,就是说,基本上没有可能产生智能。

          但是在脑中,完全不同。记忆的东西,是神经系统分解进而理解(这个理解的含义,请注意,有所不同)的东西。因此,在这个基础上,如果有所误差(有意的,比如说放开了幻想,或无意的,比如说醉酒),那么就自然产生有些不同的记忆提取,但是其主体又是同样的。这样就产生了类比和联想的神经基础。现在大家都比较认同,这其实是智能的最基础的属性和特征。

          当然了,具体究竟神经系统是如何分解信息,进而在不自觉的程度上做了理解(含义,再次提醒),又怎么做的存储,这些都是未知的。但是,我认为Hawkins对这些方面正在做的工作是非常好的,非常有意思的。遗憾的是,整个学术界对此做了几乎全部的冷待遇。他做的对或者错都不重要,但是重要的是,是一个很好的方向。

          这个Pentti Kanerva的工作,也应该对Hawkins的影响很大。他是Hawkins的研究所的成员。

          这位朋友说的:底层应用字典编码倾向的表层反映,其实就是说如何分解信息等(他称为字典编码)。现在的DNN也不是没有这个分解信息。他们的分解基本上是解很大的不定线性方程组,但是加上极值限制。这种分解,有很强的数学指导,因此容易为大家接受,分解也就是线性组合,理解起来容易。但是,可以明确讲,我的观点是,这样的数学,明显不是脑中的活动,差得很远,恐怕因此效果就差了。

          • 家园 "智能": Landauer's principle

            thanks to 鸿乾 for the link and his earlier comment I quoted in my post, very insightful. good stuff. real "network effect" in play, an another good piece after 汉密尔顿ABC"講金融, even in a public forum like this. and it looks like my posts adds a little "gdp" as well: somebody "恭喜,你的 3094942 帖已被人收藏"

            广义相对论 makes sense, in terms of information distribution and discovery: you can't centrally "manage" information processing. you just can't. regardless.

            1.

            Hawkins said in his speech: I don't want to be consumed.

            that keeps me thinking: how do we tell real information from false/fake information? or how do we price "valuable" vs "cheap" information?

            that is obviously super important in today's information world, for the system and individual.

            as an analogy as posted before, our brain can only feel and process "熱輻射", but in reality "非熱輻射" is what makes or breaks a system, very often, and our brain by default have no idea of "非熱輻射", and as I posted many times before, "熱輻射" contains very little information if any, most of time for most of us, but our brain loves it, it has to: brain can't stay still, inactive, or it will die, so, fake information is better than no information, although, fake information processing=you spend money only to make you lose more money.

            average human brain barely has an any idea of newton 机械质量/動量 in terms of 伽利略变换, not to mention 电磁质量/洛伦兹质量/相对论质量, few Chinese physics professors can articulate well on those basic concepts. that is why I keep saying: have you kids start English yesterday.

            brutal? but system has to work off its fat/脑残分子, one way or another.

            as said, Erik Verlinde's theory is in a way an information theory of physics, and long before him, IBM's Landauer did a ground breaking work as well with regard to 信息处理的物理极限, a subject Von Neumann talked about as well.

            if somebody is interested after reading the following piece, we can have a really interesting discussion.

            here it comes Landauer's principle, with some readings as attached.

            2.

            加法, 减法

            system of humanity's innovation has to constantly perform 减法 operation, as I posted zillion times, although now in more of 温水煮青蛙 style of modern capitalist finance/capital market.

            减法 is painful ALGO , but a dissipative system has to do run that ALGO to survive and grow, 剥削有功, 優勝劣敗,I posted a few time, domestically or internationally, although the welfare of the society is progressing and we all hope for more "welfare" for all of us human beings;

            however, because humanity's political system is yet to be normalized (in china in particular), politicians have been constantly playing 加法 propaganda to 忽悠 their troops, as some kind of 新的宇宙真理 they just discovered. TG has been playing that trick all the time, mostly domestically, now a little in "3rd world" oriented international propaganda.

            减法 operation has to be done, better more international less domestic, 帝国主义 way, why not?

            now, chairman X is obviously doing 减法 as well, bloody, mostly evenly distributed among the TG's big elite players, as somebody commented, everybody gives out a little blood to keep TG going forward: no 帝国主义 trick to play, then fuxx your own guys;

            for whatever reasons, TG has emerged as the only social elite in china, so, in a way, TG=china. a nation is only as good as its elite/brain. for Tgchina to survive, the bloody 减法 chairman X is doing may well be a "must do" thing.

            3.

            will chairman X do a little bloody 减法 in HongKong as well? possible. Did TG just bribe England with big money telling British: shut up you ass when you have to.

            4.

            雪白血红, after X's political 减法, he will be more capitalist economically than ever. 雪白 part.

            those guys who lose a little blood currently, they as a group will survive X's 减法, hang on, and make it up and cover their losses when 雪白 chapter comes.

            雪白 chapter: same game as before, basically for the Chinese elite ("united" with uncle sam's sp500, wall street etc) to suck the blood from their Chinese troops, 温水煮青蛙 style, no pain, until one day TGchina learns ("if tomorrow ever comes", omg, who cares about tomorrow? not even TG(:)?) and can play 帝国主义 trick as well.

            uncle sam to TG: u want to play 帝国主义 too? have you done that trade before? what kind of "Chinese" tricks you can bring to the party of market makers?

            nothing really impressive so far, then no way, just stay home, baby.

            --------------

            about Landauer's principle

            1.

            very famous and important

            "Landauer's principle is one of the pillars of the physics of information."

            http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landauer's_principle

            [PDF]

            PDF Full-text - MDPI.com

            www.mdpi.com/1099.../pdf

            Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

            by C Zander - 2009 - Cited by 5 - Related articles

            Oct 13, 2009 - Abstract: Landauer's principle is one of the pillars of the physics of information. It con- stitutes one of the foundations behind the idea that ...

            2.

            in china, 孙昌璞,全海涛 did some introduction.

            麦克斯韦妖与信息处理的物理极限. 孙昌璞,全海涛. 物理. 2013, 42(11):

            3.

            愿望很美好,现实很骨感 [ 汉密尔顿ABC ] 于:2013-10-15 00:09:54 复:3930201

            事先说明,不是想和楼主对着干,而是看到不合理的东西实在忍不住吐槽。分两点说说这篇文章的问题:

            一 中华文明的衰落源于没有参与大航海?

            把中国近百年来的落后归因于没有参与到大航海时代实在有些牵强,西方真正的兴起之路还是从文艺复兴开始。在这一过程中把之前人类劳动中认识到的现象整理、抽象化成理论,形成科学理论体系。而这一理论体系在发展到一定阶段后大大提高了西方人对自然的认识高度和生产力,由此形成几百年来西方主导的现代世界。

            在西方文艺复兴前,中国人对技术的认知大大领先世界。比如《天工开物》里甚至记载到化学反应后物质重量守恒,以及一些领先西方上百年的技术。但这些都只是现象和过程的记录,并没有被抽象化为理论并组成一个自洽体系。比如中医就是一种把医疗抽象化为理论并努力保持自洽的体系(可惜方向错误)。

            这就带来个问题,中国人造了再多的火药,一硝二磺三木炭背得再熟,也不可能理解炸药爆炸的威力来源于火药燃烧加热空气导致的体积膨胀对外做功。认识不到这一原理,就很难充分利用火药。

            西方则不同,从火药爆炸认识到加热的空气可以作为“工质”对物体施加“力”,而“力”的作用距离与物质的“内能”是等价的统称为“功”,意味着能把物质的“内能”转化为“力”对外做“功”。这一理论发现直接导致了蒸汽机的诞生,为西方生产力插上化学能的翅膀,从而对世界其他地方的文明形成碾压性优势。

            你们自己想想,中国人首先发明了火药,但想过什么是“力”?什么是“内能”?什么是“功”?三者可以怎样转化?没有理论指导,火药再好也发挥不出1%的威力,而且也不可能发明内燃机,没有内燃机发现100个美洲大陆也不管用。而且说到底中华文明缺的并不是内燃机,而是对自然的客观理性认识以及与之相对应的理论体系。

            当然,换一个角度说也可以把落后算在没有大航海头上,因为如果当时能和西方充分交流,有可能与西方同时掌握科学技术,不至于在近代两眼一抹黑,落后得这么彻底。所以遇到盲目排外的“义和团”之流,实在都懒得看一眼。

            二 “大航海”错过了所以不能错过“大航天”?

            首先要表明立场,作为一个坚定的唯物主义者,我毫无疑问支持楼主关于航天之于人类(尤其是中华文明)的重要性。但同时作为务实主义者,不能不为这种尚不成熟的“大航天”梦想泼盆冷水。

            令人发指的效费比。和一条小舢板都能航海的“大航海时代”不同,目前人类发射物资上天全都使用化学能工质火箭,由于能量密度低导致推重比不足,90%以上的化学能都浪费在对燃料本身质量做功上,真正用来将货物送上天的不足总耗费的2%。加之燃料本身合成成本高昂,让每一次发射都觉得肉痛。

            如果只是搞个卫星系统,空间站什么的或许咬牙挺挺没问题,按照近地轨道发射费用20000美元/KG计算,搞个100吨空间站不算制造光运输成本就超过20亿美元。如果常驻人员在上面,吃喝拉撒+工作需要+空间站维持轨道消耗燃料,这些物资一年下来光运费就是天文数字,这也是为什么国际空间站要多家参与的直接原因。

            激情时可以盲目,但冷静下来总要算算成本的,巧妇难为无米之炊么。花了这么多钱维持人员和设备在天上,到底能产出些什么呢?就像轮子用不着重复发明一样,我们能否发现一些别人未能发现而且值这么多投入的东西呢?

            好吧,咱就图一心里痛快,能发现点什么固然好,要是不能发现也没什么,咱大国实力有面子不是?随着探索的脚步走得更远,比如地球同步轨道、月球、火星,费用呈几何级上升。关键在于无论飞船、设备还是人都是要消耗物资的,而且可以肯定的说人员常驻太空、月球、火星在目前的技术条件下都不可能自给自足,经常性补给是板上钉钉的事。送1吨燃料需要耗费100吨燃料的时候可以忍忍,要是随着距离变成1:1000,1:10000...也能忍?想忍也没本钱忍啊。

            只要运输方式不改变,又或物理领域没出现一些颠覆性进展,太空运输问题根本无解。如果真有什么气候突变又或天外来石之类的,选择被发射到太空等死与坐在家里等死,我想还是坐在家里等死更实际一些。

            PS.对于天地往返运输,个人觉得目前最靠谱的还是太空电梯。以与地球同步转动的空间站为依托,使用高强度低密度的材料作为缆绳,当运输货物时由空间站发动机向货物方向喷射做功,将内能转化为货物攀附缆绳上升所增加的势能。

            这样有个好处在于节省。以往化学能火箭运1吨货物需要消耗100吨燃料是因为大部分燃料浪费在对燃料本身做功上。现在只需要先花100吨燃料把1吨燃料送上空间站,空间站发动机用这1吨燃料产生的能量足以通过太空电梯运输数十吨货物至相同高度,大大提高了效费比。

            等同步轨道上的建筑规模逐步扩大,最后再以太空电梯平台作为依托,把飞船什么的先拉到同步轨道上,再出发到远处的目的地,无论如何都比现在直接从地面上发射靠谱。

            4.

            陈经 :制造业一亿人够了,服务业解决不了问题(?) [ 晓兵 ] 于:2010-09-28 11:56:03 复:3080504

            陈经 :制造业一亿人就够了,服务业也解决不了问题(?)

            老共的政经两法宝:支部健在连上,支部建在行(银行)上,我前面写过,这两个相互作用的哈密顿量可积,因此老中政经系统很难退化,惯性很强;

            现代科技网络经济,欧美白经济中很大一部分,不能小看,不完全是金融骗子经济;

            老共模式,官办工业化城市化,土地银行金融市场,是不是太有些土的掉渣了,太黄了吧?

            黄当然实惠,科技人民战争也管些用。科技这个问题讲不清了。

            历史上看,科学的进步需要数学,物理学等各个学科的交流和突破,世界范围。目前看,这个世界交流中心还在欧美。

            当然,短期和实惠看,欧美科技除非是再次”革命“,白经济未必比黄经济实惠.

            但老中人才济济,如何人尽其才,都去抢三个代表当?有那么多的位置?

            --------------

            陈省身,流形;

            数学闲话(二)——拓扑(2)流形 45 明日枯荷包 字4582 2010-09-02 08:11:03

            杨振宁,规范场;

            阿哈罗诺夫-玻姆效应:,场电和磁分量“E”T “B”=零,场不传输实际力,但其势not=零。“无力”场实际对带电粒子运动产生可测效应。

            --------

            单层石墨的阿哈罗诺夫—玻姆效应以及最小电导率的研究(单层,石墨片,效 ...

            单层石墨的阿哈罗诺夫—玻姆效应以及最小电导率的研究(单层,石墨片,效应,电导率, ... 作者:罗涛学科专业:凝聚态物理授予学位:硕士学位授予单位:中国科学技术大学导师 ...

            --------

            “石溪忆旧——杨振宁的学生回忆杨振宁

            二 杨氏金字塔里遗忘的珠宝

            虽然想起了特里曼的警告,我还是冒险给出了自己的回答:“维格纳教授,这是因为阿哈罗诺夫-玻姆效应(Aharonov-Bohm effect)。”[⑨]他突然直起腰,给了我一个九十度的鞠躬,“谢谢你,你今天给我上了一课。”说完他就离开了。我不十分清楚怎样具体地将A-B效应和维格纳的问题联系起来,在开会期间我们也再没讨论过这个问题。使我大吃一惊的是,在维格纳为大会作总结性发言时,他因为我提醒他阿哈罗诺夫-玻姆效应而向我表示感谢。的确,就那个问题,他想得比我多。当我回到布鲁克海文时,我把这一插曲说给了毛里斯·高德哈伯(Maurice Goldhaber)博士听,毛里斯说,“维格纳不会在文章中向你书面表示感谢的。”我没有问毛里斯为什么这么说。到很久之后的1983年,会议论文集寄到了我手中,我像对待以往的会议论文集一样,看也没看就把它放到了书架上。过了些时日之后,我忽然想到了毛里斯的评论。出于好奇,我打开由A. Zichichi 主编、Plenum Press 出版的1980年意大利埃利斯国际亚核物理国际学校论文集《高能物理极限》。我找到了!维格纳在书面文稿中也对我表示了感谢!在论文集1065-1073页上维格纳的总结性发言稿中,他关于电磁学的一段阐述非常有洞察力,我想把它引用在这里:

            “让我回顾一下我过去对电磁学的认识。当我得知要用规范量电磁势来描述电磁场时,我很不喜欢。规范量不能测量,因而不具有‘实在性’。你可以将电磁势增加任意一个梯度,而不会改变它的效应。这表明至少在经典理论中,电磁势不是一个可观测量,而在量子理论中也同样如此。因为我不喜欢规范理论,而乔博士好心地提醒我注意阿哈罗诺夫和玻姆的文章,那篇文章显示了规范概念的用处。它证明,如果用规范场来描述电磁场,那么场对穿越其中的带电粒子的作用将是局域的,而如果用电磁场,即电场和磁场,来描述,那么局域的描述就不再可能。这时,从一束电子产生出来的两个电子束之间的干涉,将不能由它们所穿过的电场和磁场来唯一地描述——两个电子束之间的场也会产生作用。但是,如果用电磁势来描述该场的话,描述将是局域的——两点之间的势差隐含了两点之间的电磁场。因此在量子力学中,须在一个可观测的非局域作用和一个不可观测的局域描述之间做出选择。经验表明,第二种描述更简单,因而采用它是合乎情理的。人们也已经这样做了。”

            2002年,也就是今年,是维格纳诞辰100周年。在纪念维格纳的这一特殊时候,我要感谢维格纳的好心,感谢他给了我如此珍贵的体验。

            虽然维格纳非常富有洞察力,但他显然没有读过或者想到杨在1974年所写的一篇论文,“规范场的可积形式”(Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 445-447),杨在该文中阐述和强调了什么是描述局域规范理论的基本量——不是场,也不是规范势,而是不可积相因子,后者体现了电磁学中的阿哈罗诺夫-玻姆效应。

            在1970年代后期,通过研讨会和谈话,我从杨的研究所中了解了阿哈罗诺夫-玻姆效应及其重要性。我显然知道自己可以回答维格纳的问题。但是,不仅我在学生时代没有涉及过阿哈罗诺夫-玻姆效应,即便是现在的研究生们,也大都没有学过它。多数量子力学和电磁学教科书都没有提到这一效应。我牢牢地记住了从杨和杨的研究所里学到的这些知识,而且在我讲授量子力学和数学物理时,我总是把这一效应介绍给学生。(我还将讲授一门有关电磁学的课程,到时我也会在课程中讲到它。)它如此地简单、优美,学生理解它不成问题,而且它也正如杨所强调的那样,非常重要。“

            ---------

            这问题我也想过,搞生产也不是出路 [ 陈经 ] 于:2010-09-23 00:04:20 复:3081061

            制造业就业其实一亿人就够了。服务业也解决不了问题。

            大批普通人对社会生产力的贡献,随着人数的增长也会增长,但会"边际效应递减",多到一定程度就没意义了。制造业服务业都会饱和。10亿人怎么组织,怎么生活生产,不止是经济。可能结论是养起来。

            结论肯定不是养起来。 [ 坐言起行 ] 于:2010-09-24 19:45:33 复:3083202

            结论肯定不是养起来。

            人的价值是什么? 是思考,劳动。 被养起来的,其实与猪无异。 一亿人搞生产足够, 不仅够,而且可能将来还会减少。 服务业解决不了问题,那是因为现在的服务业还是在以资本的利润追求为导向,不是以人的需要为导向。 试举一些十亿人可做的事情。

            搞科研,天才大师咱不论。 不大不小有上进心的AP之流。 如果有一组有足够学术技能的脑力technician 给他搜集,分析,综合资料, 能省去他多少沙里淘金的时间?他搞研究的深度,广度,速度都会得到大大的提升。 为什么没有这种职位,没有这种体系? 现有经济体系不需要,不允许。

            河里有个帖子谈社会福利症者。读者都是怒其不争。 其实,很多人都有一个认为可以”歇歇脚“的标准。未达到前拼死拼活,干劲冲天。 达到了就开始讲”品质“ ”闲适“ ”心态“ ”别太累“ 了。 那么如此看来,社会福利症者只不过是个歇脚标准足够低的普通人而已。 象本嘉明这样强调不断学习进步,并能付诸行动的人有多少? 把社会大众培养成这样的公民,要多少人力物力?

            ”穷无三代,富无三代“, 处逆境,可以堕落也可以奋发。处富贵盛世,则从整体上来看,无例外的要生骄奢淫逸之心。 某些世家能数百年不衰,无非是在教育后代方面有一套标准,找出了什么是真正精华的,有助于持续发展的人的品质。 只要将这些品质教给子孙,那纵然天资平平,也能有中上之成就,而且可传及子孙之子孙。所以能衰而不败,落而不垮。 以此为标准,世上有多少合格的父母? 不合格,也不能不让别人生小孩。 那社会怎样能在教育学,伦理学,道德环境,社会制度上保证父母不够合格的小孩能得到实质上平等的养育机会。 这里又有多少岗位可以提供。

            如此种种,可做的事情多得是。 现在看不到这些事情,是因为人类社会,在某种意义上说,还处于野蛮蒙昧阶段。 每个人的第一要务是生存,谋利。 对个体,利益集团无利可图的事情,就是没必要,也不可能现实长期广泛存在的事情。思想被这个限制住的话,那十亿人无非是互相洗脚,衣服上画花,指甲上涂油,摔吉他,撑伞拎包,哪有正经事可做。 放开这个限制,何愁十亿人没事做。 十亿颗脑袋想出来的有意义可做的事情,只怕一个人是想象也想象不出来。

            http://www.ccthere.com/article/3091173

            杂谈:为什么贫穷,为什么发达,这是一个问题 [ 飞天鸭 ] 于:2010-09-26 23:54:07 主题帖

            “但理想的第三产业,就是这样一张网络,可以把普通的国人都包罗进来,而不是每一个人都必须艰苦奋斗,直接去发达国家的口中取食。如何建立能与国家的经济总量配套的,有中国特色,代表先进生产力的第三产业,将是我们在这一世纪的主要任务“

            很久以前有一个新闻,说一个哈佛毕业的美国姑娘嫁给了一个河南的小保安。该新闻曾经在充斥了在美国读书的优秀中国学生的小圈子里引起了轰动,大家都表示难以理解,因为大家既感到自己和那美国姑娘是同类,却又没有人能想象到自己会有嫁/娶一个保安的可能。虽然后续报道还说,那个姑娘成为中国媳妇后,刚结婚就成了光荣的中国访民中的一员,现在只是想讨论一下第一件事为什么会发生的原因。

            首先,一个哈佛毕业的美国姑娘,不等于从国内读书出来的学子,一个中国小保安的身份对她的意义,与对大陆留学生的意义是不同的。在她看来,这个小保安首先是一个“中国”的小伙子,其他的身份反而是次要的,就像白人殖民者和那个印第安所谓公主,美国官员和中国女青年,默多克和邓文迪那样。她们身后的娘家势力是自己的族群和国家。

            所以,我们自己的族群或者国家本来应该是个人可以依靠的一笔财产,只是比较难以取现而已,对海外华人来说,母国的对外影响力,国际形象,给自己身份地位带来的影响是显而易见的,对国内的人来讲,由于和周围人的对比不是那么显著,感觉通常不深,但回头看起来,却很可以清晰地看到,是身后的大系统决定了个人能获得资源的基本参数。

            如果从这种把个人置于系统之下的角度出发,个人的财富,显然绝对不仅仅取决于他自己的腰包,而是相对于他所身处的社会系统的一个复杂函数,而这个函数并不是简单的总和叠加,而是和周围社会组织度有关的。

            不明白我在说什么的话,可以这样理解,一个古代的贵族子弟,幼时有乳母嬷嬷,稍长有丫环老妈子,这是外在的支持网络,但更进一步的话,旧时代里只要凭借他的身份,就可以得到社会里各种难以想象的资源和门路,如此不可谓不富有。

            而资本主义社会里,一切都被折合成金钱,权力无非是管理现金流的能力,公共权力是对税收的处理权力,连对实体企业的并购,也要把员工,管理,效益等等统统折算成金钱。这样做的优势是,一切都被数目字化,透明化了,金钱(也就是权力)可以流向使其达到最快增值速率的地方。

            资本怎样增值?马克思的说法是,靠剥削剩余劳动力增值的,显然并不那么简单,更直接的说法是:资本靠组织化把原子式的个人联系在一起,形成比个人加成要大得多的组织力量;资本主义又给个人以投资的权力,从而通过“民主”的力量,选择最被需要,被认可的企业,最有前景的不动产,等等等等。

            当然,这都是理想情况,在这种理想情况下,社会里的个人凭借或是金钱,或是工作的联系,卷入了不断逐利的资本主义世界中,随着资本的不断累积分一杯羹。传统理论认为,产业可以分为,第一、第二和第三产业,但要注意的是资本主义的本质是组织化本身而不是工业化,不如说工业化是与文艺复兴,大航海, 科学和资本主义发展的配套产物,而不是资本主义的直接结果或者原因。

            为什么说资本主义的本质是组织化,甚至是民主式的组织化?只要看到资本经济的整个过程对于有产者来说,是创造需求——要求投资——通过高回报创造更大的需求的过程,就可以注意到对于有产者而言,这个过程类似于拉票,选举,上台者给支持者回报的过程,而雇员参股等等组织方式,又形成了资本主义社会的分配制度,从而维系了整个社会的运行。

            相对于资本主义形成的发达国家体制,马克思早就敏锐地指出,对无产者来说,他在资本主义就如民主社会的非法移民,就是一个无解的死结。穷国或者穷人的最大问题是,本身没有资本,就如没有选票的人,即使有需求,也没有驱动资本满足自己需求的能力,另一个表示方法就是,他们本身处于资本网络里的边缘地位。所以,这些穷人的需求无法引来资本的进入。

            如何能提高自己在该资本网络中的地位,一个重要条件是能否把自己成功地编入这个网络中,这个过程除了个人的、家族的努力之外,最根本的还是作为终极群体的整个国家的努力。

            而在资本主义网络里,是存在着明显的隔阂的,资本逐利的概念只能在同一个发达国家联盟能比较接近真实,在其他情况下,能不能进入资本世界,这是一个政治问题,政治的背后还有文化,军事,群体心理,等等。

            目前的世界,存在着由现存发达国家建构的一个资本主义网络,主要以欧洲列强及其后裔为主,这是不争的事实,这个资本主义网络一百年来,没有根本性的变化,也是一个事实。这个资本主义网络控制了全世界的大部分资源,并且成功地使其他的大多数国家成为其的资源供应国,一个世纪来,只有日本成功进入其中,“四小龙”接近发达,中国“崛起”。

            这背后的历史文化问题可以另开篇章了,无论如何,这几个国家/地区的成功之处都有些共同点,一个是先后基本解决了进入该网络的政治阻碍,这个问题朝鲜就还没有做到;一个是经过艰苦奋斗使自己进入的那一部分不断吸引资本;最后一条是通过国家/地区的自主建设改善整个社会的组织度。因为欧洲人,是从来不了解“世界大同”的道理,不会对弱者加以同情的,这个奋斗历程类似于第一代留学生的辛苦,不过是在一个国家的量级来说的。

            但是,目前我们也知道,日本也好,四小龙也好,中国也好,都面临着各自的问题。对于中国来讲,一个问题是在这最大资本主义网络中处于“集体打工仔”的地位,实际上处于随时可以被炒鱿鱼的状态,只不过这个打工仔的产能太高了,老板暂时还狠不下心开掉而已;另一个问题是,中国事实上并没有完全建成需求驱动,网络发达,再投资渠道完善的资本主义体系;房价的居高不下,就是一个侧面证明,证明我们还几乎没有向外抢钱的能力,只有挣点血汗钱,再进一步用于买地买房的倾轧之中,甚至造成实际上的代际剥夺;最后,对于国家内部社会网络的建设,我们还做得很不够,造成国家内部的没有能力把自己绑入资本主义网络的大批底层群众实际的被剥夺状况。

            核心的一点是,我们在欧美国家的企业还没有抢钱的能力,还在以“赔钱赚吆喝”为主。这一原因直接造成积累的财富没有很好的投资渠道,也就是内部没有形成资本主义兴旺发达时的循环。这是第一产业的问题,还是第二产业的问题呢?显然都不是,可以说,这是第三产业,也就是服务业及相关地与人打交道的行业的问题。

            如果历史地来看,第三产业中的主导,如金融,法律,咨询等等,本来就是资本主义和核心和原生部分,而不是并列和附属,美国的实体经济几乎架空,但第三产业部分却越来越壮大和繁荣,就是一个表象。

            而建立完善的第三产业,甚至不亚于工业化的过程之艰难,因为既然是产业,就是一个有上游、中游、下游的利益链条,其中需要的是对于人的培养、塑造、和管理,其中需要的教育改革及投入,乃至社会结构的重新调整,又涉及到整个社会的巨大变迁,其变化不小于前三十年的改革力度。

            但理想的第三产业,就是这样一张网络,可以把普通的国人都包罗进来,而不是每一个人都必须艰苦奋斗,直接去发达国家的口中取食。如何建立能与国家的经济总量配套的,有中国特色,代表先进生产力的第三产业,将是我们在这一世纪的主要任务

            • 家园 "熱輻射"對大腦的"傷害"

              1.

              I am going to be brave

              at the "beginning" of quantum physics, physicists were questioning whether x ray scattering 晶格 can produce discrete/离散 衍射点;

              someone argues that the 熱 wave of 晶格 will mess things up (kind of 干涉叠加 with x-ray), ending up with a picture of a still 连续 "mess", after x-ray scattering.

              if that was the case, then we would be still in dark and know nothing about 晶格's internal structure, we would have no semi conductor/internet etc.

              fortunately, x ray scattering 晶格 did produce discrete/离散 衍射点, humanity's civilization has jumped gigantically since then.

              2.

              what is the point?

              human brains in a away have similar issues, if our brain are over-exposed to tons of social science BS such as those in mainland china, eventually, the brain will get "overheated" to some degree, losing its "normal" 智能 ability to process "信号", 天下乌鸦一般黑, OMG, 色盲.

              that is why as I said, the population-based brain washing under GFW is a piece of cake, to TG, easy.

              that is why I keep saying that your kids need to start on quantum physics and English yesterday.

              and for this forum, it needs science, technology, finance, economics,etc, it used to have many excellent posts in those categories, not any more.

              TG propaganda troops are all over the places, it is their jobs, I understand.

              but for others, other than politics BS, write and post something you know well will only help the "network effect" of this forum as I described.

              that will benefit everybody, including those TG propaganda troops.

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