先说结论吧。基辛格的这份报告,即没有隐藏什么秘密,也不是一个针对发展中国家人口的邪恶阴谋。
这篇文章,CHS1:【原创】基辛格秘密报告:控制发展中国家人口以确保美国利益,是对一九七四年底由基辛格提交的一份内部报告摘要部分的翻译,作者“CHS1”在翻译部分前加了自己的“导读”。为了方便讨论,以下称“CHS1”的这篇文章为“译作”,称基辛格的这份报告为“报告”,根据需要,也称为“原作”。
我给译作做了宝推。可是,等我读过基辛格报告的原文(通读了摘要,浏览了正文),以及其他相关历史文献,并对比了译作的导读和翻译部分后,我产生了不少疑问。接下来我在网上做了一番研究,更觉得译作中有不少值得商榷之处。
文章比较长,分成两部分发表。
一、时代背景:美国洛克菲勒特别委员会与联合国布加勒斯特世界人口大会
先说说这份报告的时代背景,首先是美国国内当时对于人口增长压力的担忧。一九六八年斯坦福大学教授 Paul Ehrlich 出版了《人口炸弹》(Population Bomb)一书,以洛克菲勒三世为代表的社会人士推动公众关注人口问题。一九六九年七月十八日,尼克松对美国国会发表了一份关于人口问题的特别声明,表达了对世界和美国人口增长压力的担忧:
These statistics illustrate the dramatically increasing rate of population growth. It took many thousands of years to produce the first billion people; the next billion took a century; the third came after thirty years; the fourth will be produced in just fifteen.
For some time population growth has been seen as a problem for developing countries. Only recently has it come to be seen that pressing problems are also posed for advanced industrial countries when their populations increase at the rate that the United States, for example, must now anticipate. Food supplies may be ample in such nations, but social supplies--the capacity to educate youth, to provide privacy and living space, to maintain the processes of open, democratic government--may be grievously strained.
一九七零年三月,由美国国会立法,尼克松签署同意,成立了“人口增长与美国的未来特别委员会”(Commission on Population Growth and the American Future),研究全世界和美国自身的人口增长问题:
First, it will study both the situation with regard to population growth in the United States and worldwide.
Second, it does not approach the problem from the standpoint of making an arbitrary decision that population will be a certain number and will stop there. It approaches the problem in terms of trying to find out what we can expect in the way of population growth, where that population will move, and then how we can properly deal with it.
It also, of course, deals with the problem of excessive population in areas, both in nations and in parts of nations, where there simply are not the resources to sustain an adequate life.
(注:这个特别委员会的主席是洛克菲勒三世,所以在学术圈里有时称为“洛克菲勒特别委员会”(Rockefeller Commission),但是美国历史上很快出现了另外一个以洛克菲勒命名的特别委员会,是由杰拉德-福特总统于 1975 年成立,由其副总统洛克菲勒领导,研究 CIA 在美国国内的活动。两位洛克菲勒是亲兄弟,都是洛克菲勒家族的)
洛克菲勒特别委员会于一九七二年三月向国会和总统提交了研究结果,所推荐的近五十条对策包括在美国国内全面允许避孕、自愿节育和堕胎:
CONTRACEPTION AND THE LAW
The Commission recommends that: (1) states eliminate existing legal inhibitions and restrictions on access to contraceptive information, procedures, and supplies; and (2) states develop statutes affirming the desirability that all persons have ready and practicable access to contraceptive information, procedures, and supplies.
VOLUNTARY STERILIZATION
In order to permit freedom of choice, the Commission recommends that all administration restrictions on access to voluntary contraceptive sterilization be eliminated so that the decision be made solely by physician and patient.
To implement this policy, we recommend that national hospital and medical associations, and their state chapters, promote the removal of existing restrictions.
ABORTION
With the admonition that abortion not be considered a primary means of fertility control, the Commission recommends that present state laws restricting abortion be liberalized along the lines of the New York statute, such abortion to be performed on request by duly licensed physicians under conditions of medical safety. In carrying out this policy, the Commission recommends:
That federal, state, and local governments make funds available to support abortion services in states with liberalized statutes.
That abortion be specifically included in comprehensive health insurance benefits, both public and private.
一九七零年八月,基辛格在第 76 号国安决定备忘录(NSDM 314)中要求:“美国应该建议联合国人口基金(UN Fund for Population Activities)研究全世界的各种人口问题以及应对办法,并将此列为(联合国)第二个十年发展计划中的优先项目“:
h. The U.S. should recommend that the UN Fund for Population Activities undertake a study of world population problems and measures required to deal with them, as a top priority item in the Second Development Decade.
再来看看当时的国际形势,一九七四年八月在罗马尼亚首都布加勒斯特举行的世界人口大会。
根据联合国网站的历史记录,一九七零年,联合国大会(UN General Assembly)通过决议,响应联合国经济和社会理事会(United Nations Economic and Social Council,缩写为 ECOSOC,简称经社理事会)的倡议,定一九七四年为“世界人口年”(World Population Year),并准备于同年召开一个国际政府间(注:原文 intergovernmental)的世界人口大会(World Population Conference)。一九七二年,经社理事会做为承办机构,为大会设立了秘书处。之后的两年间,联合国下属的五个地区性委员会(regional commissions)各自组织了本地区的意见征求活动,大会秘书处在专家顾问团的帮助下起草了《世界人口行动计划》(World Population Plan of Action)。
一九七四年,世界人口大会于八月十九日至八月三十日在布加勒斯特召开。与会者超过了 1400 人,分别代表联合国的 136 个成员国。当时联合国总共有 138 个成员国(注:中国 1971 年恢复在联合国的席位,应该是派代表参加了这次大会,但是我没法查到确实的证据),同时全世界已经有 59 个国家在实施各自的人口政策(注:原文 family planning)。大会讨论并通过了经过修改的《世界人口行动计划》,据说唯一未投赞成票的与会代表来自梵蒂冈。后面还会再说到梵蒂冈的态度和这份基辛格报告之间可能的联系。
根据联合国网站的介绍,在大会的讨论中,与会代表形成了两个不同的立场。美、英、德为首的西方国家认为是人口快速增长严重阻碍了发展,发展中国家则认为人口问题并非发展不足的起因(注:原文 cause of underdevelopment)而是发展不足的后果。发展中国家代表进一步提出解决发展不足的出路在于改变不公平的资源分配,建立新的世界经济秩序。如果对《世界人口行动计划》的内容感兴趣,可以在联合国网站找到电子版。
一九七四年四月,当基辛格开始撰写这份报告时,《世界人口行动计划》草案的准备工作已经接近完成,全世界包括美国国内对于人口问题,特别是人口快速增长带来的压力,是有共识的。基辛格在七四年十二月提交这份报告时,布加勒斯特世界人口大会已经结束了,所以报告的第六章就是关于这次大会,标题为“Chapter VI World Population Conference”。报告全文里共有二十八处提到了“World Population Plan of Action”或者“Plan of Action”。
基辛格这份报告可以看作是美国政府对布加勒斯特世界人口大会和《世界人口行动计划》的准备和响应。他在报告中给予《人口行动计划》正面和积极的评价:
The World Population Plan of Action, despite its wordiness and often hesitant tone, contains all the necessary provisions for effective population growth control programs at national and international levels. It lacks only plain statements of quantitative goals with time frames for their accomplishment. These will have to be added by individual national action and development as rapidly as possible in further U.N. documents.
作为内部文件,基辛格在措辞上并没有掩饰以其本国利益为上的态度。这其实很正常。你能想象杨洁篪提交给常委们的内部报告里写满了“为了全世界人民的福祉”这样的假话吗?
比较嘲讽的是,基辛格自己意识到了第三世界并不信任以美国为首的西方国家。所以在报告原文的摘要部分,第三十三段专门说到:
33. We must take care that our activities should not give the appearance to the LDCs of an industrialized country policy directed against the LDCs. Caution must be taken that in any approaches in this field we support in the LDCs are ones we can support within this country. "Third World" leaders should be in the forefront and obtain the credit for successful programs. In this context it is important to demonstrate to LDC leaders that such family planning programs have worked and can work within a reasonable period of time.
大意是说,“我们(注:指美国政府)行事要谨慎小心,不能让人以为我们是在搞阴谋、忽悠第三世界。我们在不发达国家鼓励、支持的计生手段,在这个国家(指美国)也得能施行(同样的手段)”。换句话说,如果美国政府打算支持国外搞堕胎,在国内也得同样支持堕胎。
福特总统也在第 314 号国安决定备忘录(NSDM 314)中说:"当然,(美国)必须继续努力保持国内人口增长率不超过生育替代线,要让世界看到美国在成功践行《世界人口行动计划》":
Of course, domestic efforts in this field must continue in order to achieve worldwide recognition that the United States has been successfully practicing the basic recommendations of the World Plan of Action and that the nation's birthrate is below the replacement level of fertility. In order to obtain the support of the United States citizens for our involvement in international population programs, it is important that they recognize that excessive world population growth can affect domestic problems including economic expansion as well as world instability.
二、“秘密报告”:报告的密级问题
译作的题目里使用了“基辛格秘密报告”这样的字眼,还花了不小的篇幅解释美国政府的保密制度。其实,把这份报告称为“秘密报告”,在我看来,如果不是过度解读,就有“标题党”的嫌疑了。
报告的英文题目是:
Implications of Worldwide Population Growth
For U.S. Security and Overseas Interests
(THE KISSINGER REPORT)
翻译过来应该是“《世界人口增长对美国安全与海外利益的影响(基辛格报告)》”,报告本身的题目中并没有“秘密”两字。
世界人口问题与国家利益和国家安全有关吗?无论回答者来自哪个国家,我想绝大部分人的回答会是肯定的。这份报告被归类于“国家安全研究备忘录”(National Security Study Memorandum),是合理的。
按照维基的说法,美国国家安全委员会(National Security Council)的主席是总统,正式成员包括副总统、国务卿、国防部长、财政部长、能源部长,定期出席成员包括参联会主席、国家情报总监、国家安全事务助理、司法部长,等等,等等。根据会议内容可以追加的列席成员包括 CIA 局长,等。所以,这份报告发给国防部长、中情局长,甚至抄送参联会主席,并不反常。
这个类别的文件肯定都有个密级,这在哪个正常国家都一样。在这份基辛格报告的每一页上,也确实都标有 Confidential 的字样。报告封面上有关定密级的注解说“根据适用的 11652 号总统令规定,每过两年,报告所属密级自动降级,将于 1980 年 12 月 1 日解密”。除此之外,报告封面上还有一行注解“只有白宫才能解密”。
因为这份报告的解密并没有按照预定于一九八零年自动发生,而是被推迟了九年,到一九八九年才解密。毋庸置疑,这肯定是因为白宫方面做了干预。
按照译作作者的解释,Confidential 的密级在 Secret 和 Top Secret 之下。译作进一步介绍一九七二年由尼克松颁布的 11652 号总统令(Executive Order)如下:
还有一九八二年由时任总统罗纳德-里根颁布的 12356 号总统令:
这么看来,这份报告提交后经过十五年解密,推迟解密的原因不太可能是被白宫提高了密级。否则,这份报告要等上更久比如说三十年才能解密,甚至可能永远无法解密。
虽然译作里还介绍了后来几位美国总统签发的与保密相关的总统令,但是那些总统令的生效日期都在这份报告被解密之后了。无论这些后来的法令是更严格还是更松弛,都与这份报告无关了。
但是为什么白宫要等到一九八九年才把这份报告解密公开呢?我在后面有个猜测,与前面提到的梵蒂冈对《世界人口行动计划》的态度有关。
(注:待续)