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主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客

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家园 只要大笑就好吗?英国的毛拉与快感问题5

既然说到站着待命的人们,我们不妨考虑一下妻子们对于清教革命的感受如何。她们是生孩子的人,是家里的仆人,也是清教革命的助力之一。今天我们很容易将清教与当代伊斯兰信仰等量齐观,将其视为男性压迫女性的阴谋,却忽视了这些女性本身也是虔诚坚定的清教徒。比方说安妮.布莱德斯特里特,她是马萨诸塞殖民地的最早一批殖民者之一,她的大部分创作生涯都在北美度过。她于1612年生在北安普顿的一户殷实中产家庭,十八岁结婚,并且于1630年陪同丈夫西蒙.布莱德斯特里特以及父亲远渡重洋前往了马萨诸塞。殖民地的生活条件极其艰苦,但是安妮也是个极其坚强的女性。而且她还是个不走寻常路的作家,在一个强烈抵制女性从事文学创作的社会站稳了脚跟。不过她的诗歌的最显著特点还是对于婚姻生活的热忱,这些诗歌为我们提供了一位虔诚的新教妻子与母亲的视角。请看《致我亲爱的丈夫》(To my dear and loving Husband):

If ever two were one,then surely we.

If ever man were loved by wife, then thee;

If ever wife was happy in a man,

Compare with me, ye women, if you can.

I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold

Or all the riches that East doth hold.

My love is such that rivers cannot quench,

Nor ought but love from thee, give recompense.

Thy love is such I can no way repay,

The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray.

Then while we live, in love let’s so persevere

That when we live no more, we may live ever.

若是有哪两人好比并蒂连理,那定是我们。

若是有哪位丈夫被妻子珍爱,那定是你,我的爱人。

若是有哪位妻子沉浸于丈夫的宠溺,

没有哪个女人能同我相比。

这份爱胜过金山银山,

胜过东方所有的绫罗绮衫。

奔腾的江流无法浇灭我的爱,

只盼你以真心回馈这份爱。

这份爱我无以为报,

唯愿上苍赐你福祉,予你关照。

当我们活着,我们恩爱一生。

待我们死后,获得生命的永恒。【李晨阳译,有修改】

安妮.布莱德斯特里特传授给我们的另一项教训在于不能一味依赖同时代的绘像来理解古人。画像上的安妮总是一脸肃穆,白布巾裹头,温良贤惠而又圣洁。但是只要看一看她在丈夫离家公干期间写给他的另一首诗,我们就会意识到这对夫妻的私生活就像约翰.邓恩一样充斥着肉感。请看《致远任赴职的爱夫》(A Letter to Her Husband Absent upon Public Employment):

My head, my heart, mine eyes, my life, nay more,

My joy, my magazine, of earthly store,

If two be one, as surely thou and I,

How stayest thou there, whilst I at Ipswich lie?

So many steps, head from the heart to sever,

If but a neck, soon should we be together.

I, like the Earth this season, mourn in black,

My Sun is gone so far in's zodiac,

Whom whilst I 'joyed, nor storms, nor frost I felt,

His warmth such fridged colds did cause to melt.

My chilled limbs now numbed lie forlorn;

Return; return, sweet Sol, from Capricorn;

In this dead time, alas, what can I more

Than view those fruits which through thy heart I bore?

Which sweet contentment yield me for a space,

True living pictures of their father's face.

O strange effect! now thou art southward gone,

I weary grow the tedious day so long;

But when thou northward to me shalt return,

I wish my Sun may never set, but burn

Within the Cancer of my glowing breast,

The welcome house of him my dearest guest.

Where ever, ever stay, and go not thence,

Till nature's sad decree shall call thee hence;

Flesh of thy flesh, bone of thy bone,

I here, thou there, yet both but one.

我脑中、心中、眼中,甚至整个生命中,你无处不在。

你为我带来欢乐,让我顷情相爱。

若有两人合一,必是你我无疑,

可你怎能远走他乡,舍我孤独无依?

恰似头脑和心灵已被远远分离,

若不是被脖颈分开,我们早已在一起。

如同此时世间万物,我也忧郁叹哀,

只因我的太阳远处黄道轨带。

他使我快乐,让我不再经历暴雨风霜,

他给我温暖,融化了心中的坚冰如钢。

如今我却手脚冰冷麻木,凄惨躺卧;

归来吧,美好的太阳,莫要流连在摩羯座。

在这冷清时节,怎堪回首往事,

只得打量你我孕育的果实,聊以度日。

他们的笑脸暂且缓解了我的心痛,

打量他们,就看到了他们父亲的面容。

此情切切!而今你离家向南,

终日慵倦,叹何时才能团圆。

待君北还之期,重新回到我身边,

惟愿骄阳熊熊,终日再不向西偏,

驻守在巨蟹宫,点亮我的温暖胸怀,

好似迎宾客房,欢迎挚爱早日归来。

愿你今后常住,相随再无离别,

直到大限之际,暂且分离两界;

我仍是君肉中肉,骨中骨,

你我永相依,纵使身在两处。【周英莉,李正栓译,有修改】

如今英国史学家言必称英国内战的时期已经过去很久了,幸好如此。这场冲突吞噬了英伦三岛,即便在大洋彼岸的殖民地也能感受到战争的余波。在她的《新旧英格兰对话》(A Dialogue between Old England and New)一诗当中,安妮.布莱德斯特里特假想了一场发生在英伦本土与殖民地之间的对话。她将本土描绘成了一位遍体鳞伤的母亲,向身为女儿的殖民地哭诉了自己近来遭受的苦难:

Well, to the matter, then. There's grown of late

'Twixt king and peers a question of state:

Which is the chief---the law, or else the king?

One said, it's he; the other, no such thing.

'Tis said my better part in Parliament

To ease my groaning land showed their intent,

To crush the proud, and right to each man deal,

To help the church, and stay the commonweal.

好吧,那就说正事。近来确实有个问题

国王与贵族们都在将国家根本质疑:

两者孰轻孰重——是法律,还是国王?

君主自然以自身为重,法律则斥之为荒唐。

我要说议会构成了我的大部分身躯,

为了缓解国土的呻吟,他们的用心切实不虚:

要粉碎傲慢,要伸张每个人的权利,

要扶助教会,要将公共福祉维系。

但是布莱德斯特里特接下来又解释道,尽管用心良好,但是人民与国王之间的关系还是变得越发紧张起来。战争一旦开始就很难终止,直到英国的存亡本身遭到威胁为止。从一名马萨诸塞殖民地居民的视角看来,英国似乎已经走上了绝路:

But now I come to speak of my disaster.

Contention grown 'twixt subjects and their master,

They worded it so long they fell to blows,

That thousands lay on heaps. Here bleed my woes.

I that no wars so many years have known

Am now destroyed and slaughtered by my own.

But could the field alone this strife decide,

One battle, two, or three I might abide.

But these may be beginnings of more woe

Who knows but this may be my overthrow!

Oh, pity me in this sad perturbation,

My plundered towns, my houses' devastation,

My weeping virgins, and my young men slain,

My wealthy trading fallen, my dearth of grain.

The seed-times come, but ploughman hath no hope

Because he knows not who shall in his crop.

The poor they want their pay, their children bread,

Their woful mothers' tears unpitied.

但是现在我要述说我的灾殃,

臣民与君主之间也要动刀动枪。

连篇累牍的舌战,多少人被击倒在地,

千万具尸骸堆成小山,我只能流血哭泣。

多少年来我未曾经受过战争蹂躏,

如今我的子民却相互杀戮,将我摧残殆尽。

可是,假如仅凭战场胜负就能解决纷争,

一场、两场、三四场战乱我也能咬牙硬撑。

悲乎!战争只是进一步祸乱的开端,

难道我真要看到惨遭颠覆的那一天?

可怜我吧!如此悲哀的动荡混乱,

城镇遭到洗劫,房舍化为焦炭,

姑娘们惨遭欺凌,小伙子横死受戮,

财富贸易一蹶不振,地里粮食不够果腹。

春耕时节来了又去,农夫却看不到希望,

自己打下的谷物只怕自己吃不上。

穷人领不到工钱,他们的子女没有面包,

无人垂怜孩子们的母亲苦泪滔滔。

细想一下倒也有趣,英国本土最优秀的诗人们全都站定了相互冲突的政治立场,反而要让一名大洋彼岸的清教女性来悲悼这场冲突的毁灭性后果。不过话又说回来,布莱德斯特里特绝非只会温良悲叹。在她笔下,身为女儿的新英格兰怒火中烧地宣泄了一通反天主教的咒骂:

These are the days the church's foes to crush,

To root out popeling's head, tail, branch, and rush.

Let's bring Baal's vestments forth to make a fire,

Their mitres, surplices, and all their attire,

Copes, rochets, croziers, and such empty trash,

And let their names consume, but let the flash

Light Christendom, and all the world to see

We hate Rome's whore, with all her trumpery.

时机已到,要将教会的敌人悉数粉碎,

断头切尾,斩草除根,消灭教皇的匪类。

剥除巴力的袍服,点一堆熊熊烈火多么好看,

烧掉主教冠,唱诗罩衣,还有其他杂碎破烂。

祭衣,法衣,牧杖,以及各种无用的垃圾,

让它们的名字被烈焰吞没,火光起伏高低。

愿这光明照耀基督教领土与整个人间,

我们与浓妆艳抹的罗马娼妓不共戴天。

这当然并不是我们英国人最后一次将目光投向美国寻求宗教建议。但是尽管这是个充斥着宗教狂热与战争的时期,在远离硝烟与弃绝的地方依然存在着创造力与真心实意的虔诚,历来都是如此。笔者以安德鲁.马维尔的诗歌作为本章开篇,在本章结尾笔者还打算介绍他的另一首著名田园诗。这篇文辞甘美的《花园》(The Garden)尽情描述了英国乡间的丰饶景象,描述了英国未经战火摧残的另一面,同时还体现了诗人的深沉心念,可以说是针对当时大气候的尖锐驳斥。《花园》一诗是对于心智的辩护——赞美的心智的自主与心灵的内在力量——这份辩护词抵御得则是繁杂且令人失望的日常生活抛出来的各种诱惑与纠结。换句话说,这首诗也可算是对于诗歌艺术本身的辩护。就像许多读者一样,笔者对这首诗的偏爱也更胜于任何约翰.弥尔顿笔下的作品:

How vainly men themselves amaze

To win the palm, the oak, or bays,

And their uncessant labours see

Crown’d from some single herb or tree,

Whose short and narrow verged shade

Does prudently their toils upbraid;

While all flow’rs and all trees do close

To weave the garlands of repose.

世人是多么无益地神经错乱

去博取棕榈、橡叶和桂冠;

他们无休止的辛劳只得到

借以炫耀的草木的枝条;

枝条那又短又窄的阴影

实堪责备世人徒劳的艰辛,

而大千世界的树丛花园

正交织成宁静的花环花冠。

Fair Quiet, have I found thee here,

And Innocence, thy sister dear!

Mistaken long, I sought you then

In busy companies of men;

Your sacred plants, if here below,

Only among the plants will grow.

Society is all but rude,

To this delicious solitude.

我找到了你哟,美妙的宁静,

还有与你亲如姊妹的纯真!

长久以来我一直找错地方,

竟在忙碌的人群中寻觅你俩。

你们神圣的花木若长在人间,

只有在这大自然中才能繁衍。

与这美妙的幽静孤寂相比,

文明社会近乎是蛮荒之地。

No white nor red was ever seen

So am’rous as this lovely green.

Fond lovers, cruel as their flame,

Cut in these trees their mistress’ name;

Little, alas, they know or heed

How far these beauties hers exceed!

Fair trees! wheres’e’er your barks I wound,

No name shall but your own be found.

未见过红的胭脂白的粉黛

能比得上这碧绿美丽可爱。

那些情焰如火升腾的恋人

在这些树上刻下情人的名姓;

可叹他们不知,也很少留意,

花木之美远胜过女人的容姿!

美丽的树哟,若让我来刻锓,

那刻下的只会使你的芳名。

When we have run our passion’s heat,

Love hither makes his best retreat.

The gods, that mortal beauty chase,

Still in a tree did end their race:

Apollo hunted Daphne so,

Only that she might laurel grow;

And Pan did after Syrinx speed,

Not as a nymph, but for a reed.

当我们跑完了热恋的路途,

这里便是爱情最好的归宿。

那些追求世间仙姝的天神

终归也都在树上结束其行程;

阿波罗曾这样把达佛涅追逐,

最后她终于变作月桂一株;

潘神也曾把西冷克丝紧追,

追到的不是仙女,而是芦苇。

What wond’rous life in this I lead!

Ripe apples drop about my head;

The luscious clusters of the vine

Upon my mouth do crush their wine;

The nectarine and curious peach

Into my hands themselves do reach;

Stumbling on melons as I pass,

Ensnar’d with flow’rs, I fall on grass.

我在园中的生活真是奇观!

成熟的苹果在我头顶垂悬;

一串串香气四溢的葡萄,

向我嘴里挤入佳酿醇醪;

颗颗仙桃饱含玉液琼浆,

竟自觉自愿掉到我的手上;

漫步时被瓜果花藤绊倒,

我也只是轻轻地扑卧芳草。

Meanwhile the mind, from pleasure less,

Withdraws into its happiness;

The mind, that ocean where each kind

Does straight its own resemblance find,

Yet it creates, transcending these,

Far other worlds, and other seas;

Annihilating all that’s made

To a green thought in a green shade.

这时心灵摒弃了感官的满足,

深深地浸沉于它自身的幸福;

对宇宙万物,海洋般的心灵

即刻能映现出它的同类对应;

但心灵还能超越物质现实,

创造出另外的海洋和陆地,

心灵的创造终使现实消隐,

化为绿色的遐想溶进绿荫。

Here at the fountain’s sliding foot,

Or at some fruit tree’s mossy root,

Casting the body’s vest aside,

My soul into the boughs does glide;

There like a bird it sits and sings,

Then whets, and combs its silver wings;

And, till prepar’d for longer flight,

Waves in its plumes the various light.

在轻轻滑动的源泉之边,

或在树根生苔的果树跟前,

把肉体之外壳抛弃在地,

我的灵魂渐渐溶进树枝;

像小鸟在枝头放声歌唱,

再用喙疏理其银色的翅膀,

直到羽毛泛出变幻彩光,

准备好朝更远的地方飞翔。

Such was that happy garden-state,

While man there walk’d without a mate;

After a place so pure and sweet,

What other help could yet be meet!

But ’twas beyond a mortal’s share

To wander solitary there:

Two paradises ’twere in one

To live in paradise alone.

那乐园曾就是这般光景,

当男人还没有女人同行;

有如此纯洁美好的去处,

还需要什么配偶的帮助!

可凡夫俗子怎有福消受

独自一人在这乐园漫游;

能独处幽居生活在乐园,

那乐园就成了两个伊甸。

How well the skillful gard’ner drew

Of flow’rs and herbs this dial new,

Where from above the milder sun

Does through a fragrant zodiac run;

And as it works, th’ industrious bee

Computes its time as well as we.

How could such sweet and wholesome hours

Be reckon’d but with herbs and flow’rs!

高明的花匠用这些花草

把新的日晷设计得多好;

透过浓郁的柔和阳光

移动在花草的黄道带上;

辛勤的蜜蜂在工作之时,

也像世人一样计算着时日,

如果不用这些花卉草叶,

焉能算出有益而美好的岁月?【曹明伦译】

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